Characterization of Subtype H6 Avian Influenza A Viruses Isolated From Wild Birds in Poyang Lake, China

Wan, Zhimin; Kan, Qiuqi; Zhao, Zhehong; Shao, Hongxia; DeLiberto, Thomas J.; Wan, Xiu‐Feng; Qin, Aijian; Ye, Jianqiang

doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.685399

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Since its original description in southern China in 1996 (Wan 1998), H5N1 is causing its highest impacts and has become more widespread than ever (Ramey et al 2022, Shi et al 2023. Our results identified a wave-like steady spreading of the novel H5N1 virus in Chile, predicted hotspots of H5N1 risk and factors associated to outbreaks occurrence, contributing to establish targeted preventive measures to avoid further spread and spillover to other species, including humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Spatio-temporal dynamics and drivers of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Chile

Soto‐Azat

Alvarado‐Rybak²,

Aguilera

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b (hereafter H5N1) is causing vast impacts on biodiversity and poultry around the globe. In Chile it was first reported on December 7th, 2022, in a pelican (Pelecanus thagus) found dead in the northern city of Arica. In the following months, lethal H5N1 cases were reported in a wide range of wild bird species, marine mammals, backyard and industrial poultry, and in a human. Despite its high impact and spread, it is not well-known what environmental factors are associated with outbreaks. This study describes the spatio-temporal patterns of the current epizootic of H5N1 in Chile and test ecological and anthropogenic drivers that could be associated with outbreak occurrence. We used H5N1 cases reported by the Chilean national animal health authority to the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) from December 9th, 2022, to March 3rd, 2023. These included bird cases confirmed through avian influenza specific real-time PCR assay (qPCR), obtained from passive and active surveillance. Data was analyzed to detect the presence of H5N1 clusters under space-time permutation probability modelling, H5N1 association between distance and days since first outbreak through linear regression, and correlation between H5N1 presence with a range of ecological and anthropogenic variables by general linear modelling. From the 197 H5N1 identified outbreaks, involving 478 individual cases among wild and domestic birds, a wave-like steady spread of H5N1 from north to south was identified, that can help predict hotspots of outbreak risk and establish targeted preventive measures. For instance, 14 statistically significant clusters were identified, with the largest located in central Chile (18-29 km in radius) where poultry production is concentrated. Also, one of the clusters was identified in Tocopilla, location where the H5N1 human case occurred time later. In addition, the presence of H5N1 outbreaks was positively correlated with bird richness, human footprint, precipitation of the wettest month, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and mean diurnal temperature. In contrast, presence of H5N1 was negatively correlated to distance to the closest urban center, precipitation seasonality and isothermality. Preventive actions based on our modeling approach include developing wildlife surveillance diagnostic capabilities in Chilean regions concentrating outbreaks. It is urgent that scientists, the poultry sector, local communities and national health authorities co-design and implement science-based measures from a One Health perspective to avoid further H5N1 spillover from wildlife to domestic animals and humans, including rapid removal and proper disposal of wild dead animals, and the closure of public areas (i.e., beaches) reporting high wildlife mortalities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Spatio-temporal dynamics and drivers of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Chile

Soto‐Azat

Alvarado‐Rybak²,

Aguilera

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Some of the H6 AIVs circulating in poultry in China have enhanced affinity to α-2, 6-linked glycans ( Wang et al, 2014 ). Notably, H6 AIVs could efficiently replicate in mice without pre-adaptation ( Li et al, 2021 ; Wan et al, 2021 ), and occasionally infected human ( Wei et al, 2013 ). However, the mechanism of H6 AIVs adaptation in mammals remains to be elucidated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These cells were propagated at 37°C in 5% CO 2 . A/Eurasian teal/Jiangxi/2018WB0049/2018 (H6N2; E-Teal/49), A/Eurasian Wigeon/Jiangxi/2018 WB0158/2018 (H6N2; E-Wigeon/158), A/Eurasian Wigeon/Jiangxi/2018WB0266/2018(H6N2; E-Wigeon/266), A/Eurasian teal/Jiangxi/2018WB0417/2018(H6N2; E-Teal/417), and A/Greater White-fronted goose/Jiangxi/2018WB0740/2018(H6N1; GWF-Goose/740) were isolated from wild birds in Poyang Lake in China ( Wan et al, 2021 ). These viruses were amplified in 10-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs and stored at –80°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous study has demonstrated that all the five H6 AIVs (E-Teal/417, E-Wigeon/158, E-Wigeon/266, E-Teal/417, and GWF-Goose/740) were low pathogenic for mice, whereas two of them (E-Teal/49 and E-Teal/417) could replicate in the lung of mice and the other three (E-Teal/158, E-Teal/266, and GWF-Goose/740) could not (Wan et al, 2021). To generate the MA H6 AIVs and elucidate the molecular determiners for the mouse adaptation, the five H6 AIVs were adapted in mice by serially passaging the lung homogenates from the infected mice.…”

Section: Generation Of Two Ma H6 Aivsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Avian-origin H6N6 AIVs were isolated from sick pigs in China from 2010 ( Zhao et al, 2013 ; Sun et al, 2017 ). In addition, H6 AIVs have been shown to replicate efficiently in mice without adaptation ( Ge et al, 2017 ; Cui et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021 ; Wan et al, 2021 ). All these events demonstrate that H6 AIVs can cause cross-species infection in mammals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mouse adaptation of H6 avian influenza viruses and their molecular characteristics

et al. 2022

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H6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) not only continue to circulate in both domestic poultry and wild waterfowl, but also have occasionally caused spillovers infections in pigs and humans, posing a potential threat to public health. However, the molecular mechanism of H6 AIV adaptation to mammals remains largely unknown. In this study, two mouse-adapted (MA) H6 AIV strains, named as MA E-Teal/417 and MA GWF-Goose/740, were generated through blind passages in BALB/c mice. The two MA H6 strains replicated more efficiently and showed higher virulence than the corresponding wild type (WT) H6 strains in mice. Genome sequencing revealed that MA E-Teal/417 and MA GWF-Goose/740 carried six amino acid mutations (PB2-T224A/E627K, HA-G124R, NA-F167L/Y356H and M1-M92R), and four amino acid mutations (PB1-K577E, PA-T97I/D514E and HA-T276K), respectively, when compared to the corresponding WT virus. Receptor binding assay showed MA E-Teal/417 had stronger binding activity to α-2,3 SA than WT E-Teal/417. Moreover, the polymerase activity analysis found the RNP polymerase activity of both MA H6 viruses was significantly higher than that of the corresponding WT virus in 293T cells. All these demonstrate that H6 AIV can acquire limit amino acid substitutions to adapt to mammals and increase virulence, highlighting the significance of monitoring such mutations of H6 AIV in the field for alarming the potential of its cross-transmission and pathogenesis in mammals.

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Global distribution, receptor binding, and cross-species transmission of H6 influenza viruses: risks and implications for humans

Yan,

Li,

Huang

et al. 2023

J Virol

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The H6 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) is a pervasive subtype that is ubiquitously found in both wild bird and poultry populations across the globe. Recent investigations have unveiled its capacity to infect mammals, thereby expanding its host range beyond that of other subtypes and potentially facilitating its global transmission. This heightened breadth also endows H6 AIVs with the potential to serve as a genetic reservoir for the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza strains through genetic reassortment and adaptive mutations. Furthermore, alterations in key amino acid loci within the H6 AIV genome foster the evolution of viral infection mechanisms, which may enable the virus to surmount interspecies barriers and infect mammals, including humans, thus posing a potential threat to human well-being. In this review, we summarize the origins, dissemination patterns, geographical distribution, cross-species transmission dynamics, and genetic attributes of H6 influenza viruses. This study holds implications for the timely detection and surveillance of H6 AIVs.

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Characterization of Subtype H6 Avian Influenza A Viruses Isolated From Wild Birds in Poyang Lake, China

Cited by 9 publications

References 53 publications

Spatio-temporal dynamics and drivers of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Chile

Spatio-temporal dynamics and drivers of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Chile

Mouse adaptation of H6 avian influenza viruses and their molecular characteristics

Global distribution, receptor binding, and cross-species transmission of H6 influenza viruses: risks and implications for humans

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