Characterization of the antispike IgG immune response to COVID-19 vaccines in people with a wide variety of immunodeficiencies

Abstract

Research on coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in immune-deficient/disordered people (IDP) has focused on cancer and organ transplantation populations. In a prospective cohort of 195 IDP and 35 healthy volunteers (HV), antispike immunoglobulin G (IgG) was detected in 88% of IDP after dose 2, increasing to 93% by 6 months after dose 3. Despite high seroconversion, median IgG levels for IDP never surpassed one-third that of HV. IgG binding to Omicron BA.1 was lowest among variants. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 pseudo-neutralization only modestly correlated with antispike IgG concentration. IgG levels were not significantly altered by receipt of different messenger RNA–based vaccines, immunomodulating treatments, and prior severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections. While our data show that three doses of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccinations induce antispike IgG in most IDP, additional doses are needed to increase protection. Because of the notably reduced IgG response to Omicron BA.1, the efficacy of additional vaccinations, including bivalent vaccines, should be studied in this population.

An Overview of the Immune Response to COVID-19 Vaccination and Strategies to Boost SARS-CoV-2 Immunity in People with Inborn Errors of Immunity

“…Most patients examined in the literature had PAD, in line with this group of diseases being the most prevalent IEI group (42% worldwide IEI diagnoses) [18]. In those receiving an mRNA vaccine, 20.6% to 90.0% of individuals with PAD seroconverted after two doses [71,74,81]. In contrast in a cohort of individuals with primary or secondary antibody deficiencies vaccinated with either Comirnaty or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, the overall seroprevalence rose from 61.4% to 76.0% after a third dose [73].…”

“…In contrast to the general population, individuals with IEI have variable immunological responses to vaccination, with responses impaired in some patients [69][70][71][72][73][74] (Figure 2). This section will review the humoral response reported in the literature in a variety of IEIs.…”

“…(Figure 3 and Table 2). Overall, seroconversion in populations with IEI was much more variable and at a lower magnitude compared to healthy controls across the primary series and additional doses [74,[76][77][78]83,94,[99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108], regardless of methods of measurement differed. This is due to the heterogenous genetic and immunologic phenotype of disease in these individuals.…”

“…In one study, individuals with IEI overwhelmingly displayed poorer seroconversion rates (ranging from 16.6%-61.4%) compared to healthy controls (90-100%), after two doses of mRNA vaccine (Comirnaty, SpikeVax) [73]. Despite the lower seroconversion rate post dose 2 it is clear that booster doses increased seropositivity (76-100%) in IEI patients after 3 vaccine doses [73,74,77].…”

Effects of Oregano Essential Oil on IgA+, IgG+, and IgM+ Cells in the Jejunum of Castrated Holstein Bulls

“…It is an important protein for the body's anti-infection immunity [6], forming the first protective barrier for the mucosal surface. IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin with the highest content in the body, which can effectively resist bacteria [7] and viruses [8]. It can improve the phagocytosis of cells [9], thereby blocking the corresponding antigens from entering tissues through the mucosa and forming a protective barrier on the surface of the mucosa.…”