“…There was no correlation between either calcium ionophore A23187 or progesterone-induced AR and the human ZP-induced AR (Liu and Baker, 1996a;. While recombinant human ZP3 (rhZP3) has been produced by several groups, it has little biological activity when compared with native human ZP for binding sperm or inducing the AR (van Duin, et al, 1994;Brewis, et al, 1996;Whitmarsh, et al, 1996;Dong, 2001;Martic et al, 2004). Even when rhZP1, 2 and 3 were co-expressed in a human kidney cell line to produce recombinant proteins glycosylated in a human pattern, the recombinant proteins still had no activity to bind human sperm or induce the human AR in vitro (Martic et al, 2004).…”