Characterization of the enzymatic and biological activities of snake venoms by isoelectric focusing

Toom, Paul M.; Squire, Phil G.; Tu, Anthony T.

doi:10.1016/0005-2795(69)90262-1

Cited by 27 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…On the basis of the data presented in the previous section, it appears that hemorrhagic toxin e is a slightly acidic protein (pi = 5.6) containing no carbohydrates. It is of interest that hemorrhagic fractions isolated from the venom of Agkistrodon rhodostoma (Malayan pitviper) are also slightly acidic, having the pi values of 5.6 and 6.1, respectively (Toom et al, 1969).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemorrhagic toxins from western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom: isolation and characterization of five toxins and the role of zinc in hemorrhagic toxin e

Bjarnason¹,

Tu²

1978

Biochemistry

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259

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Five previously unknown hemorrhagic proteins, designated hemorrhagic toxins a,b,c,d, and e, were isolated from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). Molecular weights of hemorrhagic toxins a-e were determined to be 68 000, 24 000, 24 000, 24 000, and 25 700, respectively, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-phosphate gel electrophoresis using various polyacrylamide gel concentrations. Amino acid composition showed a total of 636, 200, 213, 214, and 219 amino acids for hemorrhagic toxins a-e, respectively. All the hemorrhagic toxins were found to lose their hemorrhagic activities with the metal chelators ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 1, 10-phenanthroline. All the hemorrhagic toxins were found to contain approximately 1 mol of zinc/mol of toxin, and they were all demonstrated to be proteolytic when dimethylcasein and dimethylhemoglobin were used as substrates. When zinc was removed from hemorrhagic toxin e with 1,10-phenanthroline, both both the proteolytic and hemorrhagic activities were equally inhibited. When the apohemorrhagic toxin e thus produced was incubated with zinc, the hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities were regenerated to the same extent. CD, UV, and Raman spectroscopy were used to study the structure of native hemorrhagin toxin e as well as the structural changes caused by zinc removal. From CD spectroscopy the native toxin was estimated to consist of 23% alpha helix, 6% beta structure, and 71% random-coil conformation. When over 90% of the zinc was removed, the alpha-helix content dropped from 23 to 7%.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemorrhagic toxins from western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom: isolation and characterization of five toxins and the role of zinc in hemorrhagic toxin e

Bjarnason¹,

Tu²

1978

Biochemistry

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259

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“…1 ,3 -5 Among the tox ins re sponsible for these local effects, hae morrhagic factors w ere isolated from various viperid venoms. 6 Eve n though some of the se haemorrhagic fac tors are devoid of p rote olytic ac tivitie s, [7][8][9][10][11] the y are charac te rise d as me talloproteinases. 6 Some of the se factors digest prote ins from the ex trace llular matrix , and this prop erty has be en related to the pathogeny of haemorrhagic lesions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local haemorrhage induced by Bothrops jararaca venom: relationship to neurogenic inflammation

Gonçalves

Mariano

2000

Mediators of Inflammation

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We investigated morphological alterations induced by s.c. injection of 2.5 microg of Bothrops jararaca venom in rats. Intense disorganisation of collagen fibres was observed 1 min after the venom injection, particularly at regions near vessels and nerves. Mast cells were degranulated, and erythrocytes were seen leaving venules throughout the endothelial junctions. At this time, damaged endothelial cells were not observed. In rats envenomed as above, but immediately after cardiorespiratory failure induced by deep ether anaesthesia, alterations in the connective tissue structures, as previously described, were not observed. The mediation of this haemorrhage was investigated by injecting the venom into the foot pad of mice and compared to the mediation of oedema. Local haemorrhage was significantly reduced in mice pre-treated with capsaicin or guanethidine or submitted to a surgical section of sciatic and saphenous nerves. In these animals, oedema was not affected. Groups treated with methysergide or morphine showed both haemorrhage and oedema significantly reduced. Indomethacin or dexamethasone pre-treatments significantly reduced the oedema, but not the haemorrhage. Moreover, in animals treated with promethazine or mepyramine, oedema and haemorrhage were not affected. These data suggest that local haemorrhage induced by Bothrops jararaca venom is partially controlled by serotonin and neurohumoral mediators. Furthermore, results indicate that haemorrhage and oedema are mediated by different pharmacological systems.

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“…It was shown that venoms from sea snakes are much simpler in composition than the venoms of the land snakes, as evidenced from the isoelectric focusing distribution patterns (Toom et al, 1969). Similarly, sea snake venoms contain fewer enzymes than those of land snakes.…”

Section: Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, sea snake venoms contain fewer enzymes than those of land snakes. Venom of Enhydrina schistosa lacks proteolytic and arginine ester hydrolyzing activity (Toom et al, 1969). Venoms of Laticauda colubrina and Laticauda semifasciata do not hydrolyze p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester and iV-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester, while these substrates are easily hydrolyzed by venoms of some terrestrial snakes (Tu et al, 1966).…”

Section: Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea snake venoms and neurotoxins

Tu¹

1974

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Characterization of the enzymatic and biological activities of snake venoms by isoelectric focusing

Cited by 27 publications

References 7 publications

Hemorrhagic toxins from western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom: isolation and characterization of five toxins and the role of zinc in hemorrhagic toxin e

Hemorrhagic toxins from western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom: isolation and characterization of five toxins and the role of zinc in hemorrhagic toxin e

Local haemorrhage induced by Bothrops jararaca venom: relationship to neurogenic inflammation

Sea snake venoms and neurotoxins

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