Characterization of the extent of pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons' projections to the thalamus: comparison with projections to midbrain dopaminergic groups

Oakman, Scott A.; Faris, Patricia L.; Cozzari, Costantino; Hartman, Boyd K.

doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00307-3

Cited by 77 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Indeed, in these studies, this antibody provided not only for a selective visualization of the same cell bodies and dendrites as previously identified with different antiChAT antibodies (e.g., Chédotal et al, 1994a;Molnar et al, 1998;Oakman et al, 1999), but also for a strong immunostaining of their axonal arborizations in all terminal fields, such as the cerebral cortex (Chédotal et al, 1994b;Umbriaco et al, 1994), hippocampus (Umbriaco et al, 1995;Deller et al, 1999), neostriatum (Contant et al, 1996), and cerebellum (Jaarsma et al, 1996). Moreover, the visualization of the axon terminals (varicosities) could then be achieved in conditions of tissue fixation suitable for electron microscopic as well as light microscopic characterization.…”

Section: Methodological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Cholinergic innervation in adult rat cerebral cortex: A quantitative immunocytochemical description

2000

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A method for determining the length of acetylcholine (ACh) axons and number of ACh axon varicosities (terminals) in brain sections immunostained for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was used to estimate the areal and laminar densities of this innervation in the frontal (motor), parietal (somatosensory), and occipital (visual) cortex of adult rat. The number of ACh varicosities per length of axon (4 per 10 microm) appeared constant in the different layers and areas. The mean density of ACh axons was the highest in the frontal cortex (13.0 m/mm(3) vs. 9.9 and 11.0 m/mm(3) in the somatosensory and visual cortex, respectively), as was the mean density of ACh varicosities (5.4 x 10(6)/mm(3) vs. 3.8 and 4.6 x 10(6)/mm(3)). In all three areas, layer I displayed the highest laminar densities of ACh axons and varicosities (e.g., 13.5 m/mm(3) and 5.4 x 10(6)/mm(3) in frontal cortex). The lowest were those of layer IV in the parietal cortex (7.3 m/mm(3) and 2.9 x 10(6)/mm(3)). The lengths of ACh axons under a 1 mm(2) surface of cortex were 26.7, 19.7, and 15.3 m in the frontal, parietal, and occipital areas, respectively, for corresponding numbers of 11.1, 7.7, and 6.4 x 10(6) ACh varicosities. In the parietal cortex, this meant a total of 1.2 x 10(6) synaptic ACh varicosities under a 1 mm(2) surface, 48% of which in layer V alone, according to previous electron microscopic estimates of synaptic incidence. In keeping with the notion that the synaptic component of ACh transmission in cerebral cortex is preponderant in layer V, these quantitative data suggest a role for this innervation in the processing of cortical output as well as input. Extrapolation of particular features of this system in terms of total axon length and number of varicosities in whole cortex, length of axons and number of varicosities per cortically projecting neuron, and concentration of ACh per axon varicosity, should also help in arriving at a better definition of its roles and functional properties in cerebral cortex.

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Section: Methodological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Cholinergic innervation in adult rat cerebral cortex: A quantitative immunocytochemical description

2000

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“…The caudal intralaminar thalamic nuclei, including Pf and CL, represent the main thalamic target of the brainstem PPN nucleus (Steriade and Genn, 1982;Sugimoto and Hattori, 1984;Sofroniew et al, 1985;Scarnati et al, 1987;Hallanger and Wainer, 1988;Grunwerg et al, 1992;Erro et al, 1999;Oakman et al, 1999;Capozzo et al, 2003). These two nuclei, in turn, project to the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia structures (Steriade and Glenn, 1982;Jones, 1985;Sadikot et al, 1990;Bentivolgio et al, 1991;Sadikot et al, 1992;Otake and Nakamura, 1998;Rudkin and Sadikot, 1999;Erro et al, 1999;Lai et al, 2000;Jones, 2002;van der Werf et al, 2002).…”

Section: Functional Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Postnatal maturational properties of rat parafascicular thalamic neurons recorded in vitro

Phelan

Mahler

Deere

et al. 2005

THL

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Thalamic relay neurons have homogeneous, adult-like firing properties and similar morphology by 12 days postnatally (PN 12). Parafascicular (Pf) neurons have a different morphology compared with typical thalamic relay neurons, but the development of their electrophysiological properties is not well studied. Intracellular recordings in PN 12-50 Pf neurons revealed several heterogeneous firing patterns different from those in thalamic relay neurons. Two types of cells were identified: Type I cells displayed a fast afterhyperpolarization (AHP) followed by a large-amplitude, slow AHP; whereas Type II cells had only a fast AHP. These cell types had overlapping membrane properties but differences in excitability. Some properties of Pf neurons were adult-like by PN 12, but, unlike thalamic relay neurons, there were significant maturational changes thereafter, including decreased action potential (AP) duration, increased fast AHP amplitude and increased excitability. Pf neurons did not exhibit rhythmic bursting and generally lacked low-threshold spike (LTS) responses that characterize thalamic relay neurons. Pf neurons exhibited nonlinear I-V relationships, and only a third of the cells expressed the time and voltage-dependent hyperpolarization activated (Ih) current, which declined with age. These results indicate that the morphological differences between Pf neurons and typical thalamic relay neurons are paralleled by electrophysiological differences, and that Pf membrane properties change during postnatal development.

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“…They are best known as the source of cholinergic input to the thalamus (e.g. Woolf & Butcher, 1986;Steriade et al, 1988;Oakman et al, 1999). We have shown in preliminary studies that ChAT-IR cells in the PPT and LDT project to the thalamus in guinea pigs (Motts and Schofield, 2006).…”

Section: Comparisons With Other Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of cholinergic cells in guinea pig brainstem

et al. 2008

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We used an antibody to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) to label cholinergic cells in guinea pig brainstem. ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-IR) cells comprise several prominent groups, including the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and parabigeminal nucleus, as well as the cranial nerve somatic motor and parasympathetic nuclei. Additional concentrations are present in the parabrachial nuclei and superior colliculus.Among auditory nuclei, the majority of ChAT-IR cells are in the superior olive, particularly in and around the lateral superior olive, the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body and the superior paraolivary nucleus. A discrete group of ChAT-IR cells is located in the sagulum, and additional cells are scattered in the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. A group of ChAT-IR cells lies dorsal to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. A few ChAT-IR cells are found in the cochlear nucleus and the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.

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Characterization of the extent of pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons' projections to the thalamus: comparison with projections to midbrain dopaminergic groups

Cited by 77 publications

References 87 publications

Cholinergic innervation in adult rat cerebral cortex: A quantitative immunocytochemical description

Cholinergic innervation in adult rat cerebral cortex: A quantitative immunocytochemical description

Postnatal maturational properties of rat parafascicular thalamic neurons recorded in vitro

Distribution of cholinergic cells in guinea pig brainstem

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