A methotrexate-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line deficient in methotrexate uptake has been complemented to methotrexate sensitivity by transfection with DNA isolated from either wild-type Chinese hamster ovary or human G2 cells. Primary and secondary transfectants regained the ability to take up methotrexate in a manner similar to that of wild-type cells, and in the case of those transfected with human DNA, to contain human-specific DNA sequences. The complementation by DNA-mediated gene transfer of this methotrexate-resistant phenotype provides a basis for the cloning of a gene involved in methotrexate uptake.The folic acid analog methotrexate (Mtx) is a cytotoxic agent to dividing mammalian cells which exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (2). To achieve this function, the drug must be transported across the cell membrane and released intracellularly. It is believed that this transport process is mediated by an energy-dependent carrier system requiring anion exchange (14). There is conflicting evidence from various studies as to whether the analog is transported by the same system that allows folic acid to enter the cell or whether a separate system for reduced folate is employed. Kinetic and competition analyses in L1210 mouse cells have shown that two systems exist under one set of conditions (26, 31), while only one system exists under alternative conditions (13). In addition, some mutants are defective in uptake of both Mtx and folic acid, while others are defective in uptake of only Mtx (9, 10; T. M. Underhill and W. F. Flintoff, Somat. Cell Mol. Genet., in press). Also, some Mtx-deficient mutants have increased requirements for reduced folates to maintain growth without a concomitant increase in the requirement for folic acid (18,25,27). Taken together, these observations suggest that some but not all components may be shared in the uptake of these two compounds. In addition, some Mtx-and folatebinding proteins present in cell membranes have been identified (1,5,6,12,15,16,19,20,22), although their role in the overall uptake process is unclear. A recent report, however, indicates that a mouse membrane 45-to 48-kilodalton protein may be involved (32).In a recent report, we have described an Mtx-resistant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, designated Mtx RII OuaR 2-4, that was unable to transport Mtx but was able to take up folic acid in a manner similar to that of wild-type cells (Underhill and Flintoff, in press). Under conditions of folic acid-free medium, this cell line required 250 times the level of folinic acid required by wild-type cells to maintain optimum growth. This requirement for high levels of folinic acid in otherwise folic acid-free medium is a common property shown by several mutants defective in Mtx uptake (17,27). Pseudorevertants selected from this cell line for growth on low levels of folinic acid retained their resistance to Mtx. Because the Mtx-resistant phenotype was a genetically recessive trait (8), it should be possible to complement thi...