Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity during a Real-World Weight Loss Dietary Program: A Focus on the Bacteroides 2 Enterotype

Abstract

Background: Dietary intervention is a cornerstone of weight loss therapies. In obesity, a dysbiotic gut microbiota (GM) is characterized by high levels of Bacteroides lineages and low diversity. We examined the GM composition changes, including the Bacteroides 2 enterotype (Bact2), in a real-world weight loss study in subjects following a high-protein hypocaloric diet with or without a live microorganisms (LMP) supplement. Method: 263 volunteers were part of this real-world weight loss program. The first phase was a high-protein low-carbohydrate calorie restriction diet with or without LMP supplements. Fecal samples were obtained at baseline and after 10% weight loss for 163 subjects. Metagenomic profiling was obtained by shotgun sequencing. Results: At baseline, the Bact2 enterotype was more prevalent in subjects with aggravated obesity and metabolic alterations. After weight loss, diversity increased and Bact2 prevalence decreased in subjects with lower GM diversity at baseline, notably in LMP consumers. Significant increases in Akkermansia muciniphila and Parabacteroides distasonis and significant decreases of Eubacterium rectale, Streptococcus thermophilus and Bifidobacterial lineages were observed after weight loss. Conclusion: Baseline microbiome composition is associated with differential changes in GM diversity and Bact2 enterotype prevalence after weight loss. Examining these signatures could drive future personalized nutrition efforts towards more favorable microbiome compositions.

The Gut Microbiome Strongly Mediates the impact of Lifestyle combined variables on Cardiometabolic Phenotypes

“…Interestingly, environmental fitting of biotin (vitamin B7/8 calculated from food consumption) on the PCoA ordination landscape pointed towards regions of the compositional space dominated by Prevotella enterotype, a microbial composition dominated by bacteria auxotrophic for biotin production 3 (Figure 3B), which is line with the significant positive association of biotin intake with the probability of Prevotella enterotype in the logistic regression analyses (Supplemental Figure 2, Supplemental Results). Several associations were reproduced in the second independent cohort of 433 individuals with overweight and obesity from the GutInside study 30 , where the QASD score was the variable with the highest and non-redundant explanatory power in microbiome compositional variation (Figure 3C). Environmental fitting showed that high QASD was also associated to Rum enterotype, whereas the aDII score was associated to Bact2 enterotype (Figure 3D).…”

“…The intake of tyrosine, offal, “cereals, pasta and rice” and the variety of dairy products points to opposite direction in the compositional space (Figure 3B). The additional inclusion of the QASD score and the aDII score in the environmental fitting shows that high QASD score levels were also associated with the compositional space dominated by Rum enterotype, whereas the aDII and lower QASD score levels (0-2) were associated to compositional landscape dominated by Bacteroides 2 enterotype (Bact2), previously associated to both a lower GMGR and bacterial load, systemic inflammation and obesity severity 30,41 .…”

“…Despite these variations, the presence of a Bacteroides-enriched composition characterized by low microbial diversity is a common finding in all these studies, and in concrete the Bact2 enterotype has been previously demonstrated to be linked with a higher BMI, elevated inflammatory blood markers, and a lack of statin consumption in in multiple cohorts including both the MetaCardis study and our validation group. 2,28 . Importantly, these main associations of the QASD score and the dietary inflammatory index with the gut microbiome enterotypes were replicated in our independent cohort.…”

“…Logistic regression analyses of enterotype status vs. these nutritional covariates adjusted by age, gender, BMI center of recruitment, metformin, statin, and protein PPI intake statistically support these observations, observing a significant decrease of the probability of Bact2 composition with increased levels of the QASD score, the variety of meat, fish and eggs and the intake of cookies and pastries, offal, biotin and vitamin D (p-value<0.05; Supplemental Figure 2, Supplemental Results). Several associations were reproduced in a second independent cohort of 433 individuals with obesity from the GutInside study 28 , where the QASD score was the variable with the highest and non-redundant explanatory power in microbiome compositional variation (Figure 3C). In this cohort, environmental fitting showed that high QASD was also associated to Rum enterotype, whereas the aDII score was associated to Bact2 enterotype (Figure 3D).…”

Gut Microbiome Signature of Metabolically Healthy Obese Individuals According to Anthropometric, Metabolic and Inflammatory Parameters

“…[9] Obesity is characterised by the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. [10,11] The overall diversity of gut microbiota has been reported to decrease with increasing body mass index (BMI). [12,13] Moreover, studies on obese populations have also suggested the alterations in the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiome.…”