Characterization of the intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the gall bladder epithelium in the Australian Brush‐tailed possum (<i>Trichosurus vulpecula</i>)

Meedeniya, Adrian Cuda Banda; Schloithe, Ann; Toouli, James; Saccone, G. T. P.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2982.2003.00417.x

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(140 reference statements)

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“…It is attractive to think that because the primary role of the liver is hematopoetic and not related to its final functions, the establishment of neural connections does not occur during early embryonic development, but is delayed until the hepatic structure required for its metabolic and secretory roles is formed. In particular, it is interesting to point out that, unlike other derivatives of the digestive tract such as the gall bladder (Mawe and Gershon, 1989; Padbury et al, 1993; Mawe et al, 1997; Meedeniya et al, 2003), the pancreas (Kirchgessner and Gershon, 1990; Jiang et al, 2003), or the lungs (Tollet et al, 2001), the liver does not appear to be colonized by neural crest‐derived intrinsic neurons. In the few species studied to date, the development of the hepatic innervation appears to occur in the late stages of development, shortly before term, and becomes fully mature postnatally.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There also appears to be a major difference between the innervation of liver and that of the gall bladder (Mawe and Gershon, 1989; Padbury et al, 1993; Mawe et al, 1997; Meedeniya et al, 2003) and pancreas (Kirchgessner and Gershon, 1990; Jiang et al, 2003). Unlike the liver, these foregut‐derived organs possess a well‐developed intrinsic plexus of nerves and ganglia, the cells of which are derived from the same embryonic origins as the neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system.…”

Section: Development Of Hepatic Innervationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hepatic nervous system development

2004

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During embryonic development, the liver emerges from the foregut as a thickening of the ventral endodermal epithelium. The embryonic liver then develops into a bud of cells that proliferates and differentiates to eventually form the largest gland of the body. Prior to birth, the primary function of the liver is hematopoietic, and the organ receives little innervation during early development. Postnatally, the role of the liver changes and many different nerve types modulate its function. Although the liver shares a common embryonic origin with other foregut derivatives, such as the gallbladder and the pancreas, the development of its innervation exhibits distinct characteristics. In this review, we summarize what is known about the development of the hepatic innervation, draw comparisons with the intrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract and associated organs, and discuss the potential role of molecular signals in guiding the nerves that innervate the liver.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Development Of Hepatic Innervationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatic nervous system development

2004

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“…Further historical perspective is provided by Sutherland (1966, 1967). The anatomical and functional aspects of the innervation of the biliary tract are based on extensive studies in the guinea pigs (Mawe and Gershon, 1989; Gonda et al, 1995; Talmage et al, 1996; Mawe, 2000; Mawe and Ellis, 2001) and the Australian brush‐tailed possum (Padbury et al, 1993a, 1993b; Meedeniya et al, 2001, 2003).…”

Section: Neuroanatomy Of Gallbladder So and Bile Ductsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innervation of the extrahepatic biliary tract

2004

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The extrahepatic biliary tract is innervated by dense networks of extrinsic and intrinsic nerves that regulates smooth muscle tone and epithelial cell function of extrahepatic biliary tree. Although these ganglia are derived from the same set of precursor neural crest cells that colonize the gut, they exhibit structural, neurochemical, and physiological characteristics that are distinct from the neurons of the enteric nervous system. Gallbladder neurons are relatively inexcitable, and their output is driven by vagal inputs and modulated by hormones, peptides released from sensory fibers, and inflammatory mediators. Gallbladder neurons are cholinergic and they can express a number of other neural active compounds, including substance P, galanin, nitric oxide, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Sphincter of Oddi (SO) ganglia, which are connected to ganglia of the duodenum, appear to be comprised of distinct populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, based on their expression of choline acetyltransferase and substance P or nitric oxide synthase, respectively. While SO neurons likely receive vagal input and their activity is modulated by release of neuropeptides from sensory fibers, a significant source of excitatory synaptic input to these cells arise from the duodenum. This duodenum-SO circuit is likely to play an important role in the coordination of SO tone with gallbladder motility in the process of gallbladder emptying. Now that we have gained a relatively thorough understanding of the innervation of the biliary tree under healthy conditions, the way is paved for future studies of altered neural function in biliary disease.

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“…The gall bladder of the Australian brush‐tailed possum is composed of three ganglionated plexuses: subserosal plexus, muscular plexus and subepithelial plexus. The ganglionated subserosal and muscular plexuses are functionally similar to the intestinal myenteric plexus, which innervates the smooth muscle layers, while the ganglionated subepithelial plexus is similar to the intestinal submucosal plexus, which is thought to innervate primarily the epithelium (Padbury et al., ,b; Meedeniya et al., , ). Pathway Two in S. murinus , in the present study, resembled the subserosal and muscular plexuses in the Australian brush‐tailed possum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innervation of Extrahepatic Biliary Tract, With Special Reference to the Direct Bidirectional Neural Connections of the Gall Bladder, Sphincter of Oddi and Duodenum inSuncus murinus, in Whole-Mount Immunohistochemical Study

Ren

Kinoshita

et al. 2015

Anat. Histol. Embryol.

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Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is one of the most important symptoms in post-cholecystectomy syndrome. Using either electrical or mechanical stimulation and retrogradely transported neuronal dyes, it has been demonstrated that there are direct neural pathways connecting gall bladder and the sphincter of Oddi in the Australian opossum and the golden hamster. In the present study, we employed whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining to observe and verify that there are two different plexuses of the extrahepatic biliary tract in Suncus murinus. One, named Pathway One, showed a fine, irregular but dense network plexus that ran adhesively and resided on/in the extrahepatic biliary tract wall, and the plexus extended into the intrahepatic area. On the other hand, named Pathway Two, exhibiting simple, thicker and straight neural bundles, ran parallel to the surface of the extrahepatic biliary tract and passed between the gall bladder and duodenum, but did not give off any branches to the liver. Pathway Two was considered to involve direct bidirectional neural connections between the duodenum and the biliary tract system. For the first time, morphologically, we demonstrated direct neural connections between gall bladder and duodenum in S. murinus. Malfunction of the sphincter of Oddi may be caused by injury of the direct neural pathways between gall bladder and duodenum by cholecystectomy. From the viewpoint of preserving the function of the major duodenal papilla and common bile duct, we emphasize the importance of avoiding kocherization of the common bile duct so as to preserve the direct neural connections between gall bladder and sphincter of Oddi.

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Characterization of the intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the gall bladder epithelium in the Australian Brush‐tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)

Cited by 14 publications

References 52 publications

Hepatic nervous system development

Hepatic nervous system development

Innervation of the extrahepatic biliary tract

Innervation of Extrahepatic Biliary Tract, With Special Reference to the Direct Bidirectional Neural Connections of the Gall Bladder, Sphincter of Oddi and Duodenum inSuncus murinus, in Whole-Mount Immunohistochemical Study

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