Characterization of the Mercapturic Acid Pathway, an Important Phase II Biotransformation Route, in a Zebrafish Embryo Cell Line

Abstract

In view of the steadily increasing number of chemical compounds used in various products and applications, high-throughput toxicity screening techniques can help meeting the needs of 21st century risk assessment. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), especially its early life stages, are increasingly used in such screening efforts. In contrast, cell lines derived from this model organism have received less attention so far. A conceivable reason is the limited knowledge about their overall capacity to biotransform chemicals and the spectrum of expressed biotransformation pathways. One important biotransformation route is the mercapturic acid pathway, which protects organisms from harmful electrophilic compounds. The fully functional pathway involves a succession of several enzymatic reactions. To investigate the mercapturic acid pathway performance in the zebrafish embryonic cell line, PAC2, we analyzed the biotransformation products of the reactions comprising this pathway in the cells exposed to a nontoxic concentration of the reference substrate, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). Additionally, we used targeted proteomics to measure the expression of cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), the enzyme family catalyzing the first reaction in this pathway. Our results reveal that the PAC2 cell line expresses a fully functional mercapturic acid pathway. All but one of the intermediate CDNB biotransformation products were identified. The presence of the active mercapturic acid pathway in this cell line was further supported by the expression of a large palette of GST enzyme classes. Although the enzymes of the class alpha, one of the dominant GST classes in the zebrafish embryo, were not detected, this did not seem to affect the capacity of the PAC2 cells to biotransform CDNB. Our data provide an important contribution toward using zebrafish cell lines, specifically PAC2, for animal-free high- throughput screening in toxicology and chemical hazard assessment.