Characterization of the non-metal fraction of the processed waste printed circuit boards

Kumar, Amit; Holuszko, Maria; Janke, Travis

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.010

Cited by 77 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Various kinds of metals, such Al, Cu, and Sn, and the precious metals gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), and palladium (Pd) [33][34][35][36] are used in PCBs for electrical conduction. PCBs have a complex composition consisting of a polymer (epoxy resin or fiberglass-based) component, various metals, and ceramic materials [37]. Plastic materials from PCBs contain fire-retardant substances for fireproofing the board.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

2019

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Waste from information technology (IT) and telecommunication equipment (WITTE) constitutes a significant fraction of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The presence of rare metals and hazardous materials (e.g., heavy metals or flame retardants) makes the necessary recycling procedures difficult and expensive. Important efforts are being made for Waste Printed Circuit Board (WPCB) recycling because, even if they only amount to 5-10% of the WITTE weight, they constitute up to 80% of the recovered value. This paper summarizes the recycling techniques applicable to WPCBs. In the first part, dismantling and mechanical recycling techniques are presented. Within the frame of electro-mechanical separation technology, the chain process of shredding, washing, and sieving, followed by one or a combination of magnetic, eddy current, corona electrostatic, triboelectrostatic, or gravity separation techniques, is presented. The chemical and electrochemical processes are of utmost importance for the fine separation of metals coming from complex equipment such as WPCBs. Thermal recycling techniques such as pyrolysis and thermal treatment are presented as complementary solutions for achieving both an extra separation stage and thermal energy. As the recycling processes of WPCBs require adequate, efficient, and ecological recycling techniques, the aim of this survey is to identify and highlight the most important ones. Due to the high economic value of the resulting raw materials relative to the WPCBs' weight and composition, their recycling represents both a necessary environmental protection action, as well as an economic opportunity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

2019

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“…It indicates that WPCBP could significantly reduce the corresponding energy barrier and improve the efficiency to accelerate crosslinking reaction. WPCBP are mainly composed of epoxy resin and glass fiber, and also contains a small amount of residual metal oxide such as CuO, MgO, CaO, ZnO, Fe 2 O 3 , and additives of epoxy resin such as curing agent . It is reported that inorganic metal derivatives (eg, ZnO, MgO, CaO) are suitable as curing activators in SBR compounds to form adducts with accelerator molecules and to further improve their curing efficiency .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reutilization of waste printed circuit boards nonmetallic powders in elastomer composites: Significant improvements of curing and mechanical properties

Luo

Lin

et al. 2020

Polymer Composites

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Recycling of waste printed circuit boards nonmetallic powders (WPCBPs), as one of the significant challenges for sustainable development of resources, has attracted tremendous attentions from scientific and industrial researchers. In this work, the feasibility of WPCBP as curing accelerator and reinforcing filler in styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) composites was first explored. Vulcanization parameters and kinetics of SBR compounds were systematically investigated by moving‐die rheometer and differential scanning calorimeter. The results suggested that the incorporation of WPCBP can effectively reduce vulcanization activation energy and shorten the manufacturing cycle of SBR/SiO2 composites, which may be attributed to the activation effect from metal oxide and accelerating effect from residual additives in WPCBP. On the other hand, the coupling interfacial interactions of rubber‐SiO2 and rubber‐WPCBP result in simultaneous enhancements of tensile strength, tensile modulus, and extensibility of SBR/SiO2/WPCBP composites. Moreover, the potential applications and challenges of SBR/SiO2/WPCBP composites were also briefly analyzed. This work offers a green and efficient reutilization approach of WPCBP in elastomer composites, which may be a valuable inspiration for the high‐valued utilization of WPCBP and the preparation of high‐performance and low‐cost elastomer composites.

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“…Furthermore, the FR-4 substrate is used where flame retardants are required. In general, the NMF of PCB consists of 65 wt% of glass fibers, 32 wt% epoxy resin, and < 3 wt% of impurities (Kumar et al 2018 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A relative risk assessment of the open burning of WEEE

Cesaro

Belgıorno

Gorrasi

et al. 2019

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) represents a potential secondary source of valuable materials, whose recovery is a growing business activity worldwide. In low-income countries, recycling is carried out under poorly controlled conditions resulting in severe environmental pollution. High concentrations of both metallic and organic pollutants have been confirmed in air, soil, water, and sediments in countries with informal recycling areas. The release of these contaminants into the environment presents a risk to the health of the exposed population that has been widely acknowledged but still needs to be quantified. The aim of this work was to evaluate the relative risk from inhalation associated with the open burning of different kinds of WEEE. The shrinking core model was applied to estimate the concentration of the metals which would be released into the environment during the incineration of different types of WEEE. In addition, the potential generation of dioxins during the same informal practice was estimated, based on the plastic content of the WEEE. The results provided for the first time a comparative analysis of the risk posed from the open burning of WEEE components, proposing a methodology to address the absolute risk assessment to workers from the informal recycling of WEEE.

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Characterization of the non-metal fraction of the processed waste printed circuit boards

Cited by 77 publications

References 16 publications

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

Reutilization of waste printed circuit boards nonmetallic powders in elastomer composites: Significant improvements of curing and mechanical properties

A relative risk assessment of the open burning of WEEE

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