Characterization of the Nonpolar and Polar Extractable Components of Glanded Cottonseed for Its Valorization

Abstract

Cottonseed is the second major product of cotton (Gossypium spp.) crops after fiber. Thus, the characterization and valorization of cottonseed are important parts of cotton utilization research. In this work, the nonpolar and polar fractions of glanded (Gd) cottonseed were sequentially extracted by 100% hexane and 80% ethanol aqueous solutions and subjected to 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), respectively. The nonpolar (crude oil) extracts showed the characteristic NMR peak features of edible plant oils with the absence of ω-3 linolenic acid. Quantitative analysis revealed the percentage of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated fatty acids as 48.7%, 16.9%, and 34.4%, respectively. Both general unsaturated fatty acid features and some specific olefinic compounds (e.g., oleic, linolenic, and gondonic acids) were found in the nonpolar fraction. In the polar extracts, FT-ICR MS detected 1673 formulas, with approximately 1/3 being potential phenolic compounds. Both the total and phenolic formulas fell mainly in the categories of lipid, peptide-like, carbohydrate, and lignin. A literature search and comparison further identifies some of these formulas as potential bioactive compounds. For example, one compound [2,5-dihydroxy-N′-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzylidene) benzohydrazide] identified in the polar extracts is likely responsible for the anticancer function observed when used on human breast cancer cell lines. The chemical profile of the polar extracts provides a formulary for the exploration of bioactive component candidates derived from cottonseed for nutritive, health, and medical applications.

The Effects of Oil Content on the Structural and Textural Properties of Cottonseed Butter/Spread Products

“…While a whole cottonseed contains about 27% hulls, 8% linters, 4% waste, 45% meals, and 16% crude oil, its dehulled meat (i.e., kernel) contains about 37% crude oil, 41% protein, 10% acid detergent fiber, as well as other carbohydrate and mineral nutrients [4]. In addition, bioactive compounds and peptides with some health benefits have also been found in cottonseed [5][6][7][8][9][10]. On the other hand, the allergic degrees of cottonseed proteins are lower than peanut and tree nuts [11][12][13].…”