Characterization of the Normal Temporal Pattern of Plasma Corticosteroid Levels

Krieger, Dorothy T.; Allen, William T.; Rizzo, Frank; Krieger, Howard P.

doi:10.1210/jcem-32-2-266

Cited by 544 publications

(241 citation statements)

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“…Numerous studies have reported that diurnal rhythmicity of cortisol [254,257,[269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278][279][280] and ACTH [238,263] is also unaffected by aging in both sexes, but there are some exceptions. For example, some studies reported higher evening [251,281] and morning [278] cortisol levels at older ages; higher 24h mean cortisol concentrations at older ages have also been reported in both men and women [269,270,272,281,282].…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Aging on Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Secretion

Zaidi¹

2013

TOLSJ

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Steroid hormones are lipophilic, low-molecular weight organic compounds all of which are derived from cholesterol. They are primarily synthesized by steroidogenic glands such as gonads (ovary and testis), the adrenal gland and, during pregnancy, by the placental trophoblasts. Limited steroid synthesis also takes place in the brain. Steroid hormones are crucial for the proper functioning of the body. They mediate a wide variety of vital physiological functions, ranging from maintaining normal reproductive function and secondary sexual characteristics, to regulating virtually every metabolic process in the body. Like many age-related endocrine disorders, aging also progressively impacts the tissue-specific synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones. The goal of this review is to summarize the effects of aging on steroid hormone synthesis and secretion by the adrenal gland and gonads of both human and experimental animal models, to describe the potential involvement of excessive oxidative stress in mediating age-related alterations in steroidogenesis, and to discuss the possible underlying mechanisms involved.

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Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Aging on Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Secretion

Zaidi¹

2013

TOLSJ

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“…Krieger et al (1971) characterized it by a decline of at least 25% comparing morning concentrations to all later values, whereas Santiago et al (1996) required a drop of at least three times the mean intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) from morning to both afternoon and night. The method described by Krieger et al (1971) was applied to pig data by Gallagher et al (2002). Others have based a normal rhythm on significantly higher morning than afternoon group-level mean values (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental enrichment in early life affects cortisol patterns in growing pigs

Munsterhjelm

Valros

Heinonen

et al. 2010

Animal

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Effects of environmental enrichment at different stages of life on stress physiology of pigs were investigated in a trial with 63 groups, each of four siblings. In each of the three growing phases (suckling 0 to 4 weeks of age, nursery 5 to 9 weeks, fattening 10 to 24 weeks) pens either were (5E) or were not (50) enriched. Accordingly, the treatments were (i) 000, (ii) E00, (iii) EE0, (iv) 00E, (v) 0EE and (vi) EEE. The enrichment material, renewed twice daily to leave a thin layer, consisted of wood shavings and chopped straw. Salivary cortisol was sampled hourly from 0700 to 1900 h at the age of 9 and 21 weeks. The presence of a circadian secretion rhythm was evaluated by an intra-assay coefficient of variation-based method. An adrenocorticotropic hormone test was performed at 21 weeks. Treatment effects on the odds of a physiological cortisol rhythm were assessed by logistic regression, and effects on cortisol concentrations with a repeated measures GLM. Substrateenrichment from 0 to 9 weeks of age increased the odds of a rhythm as compared to barren housing (odds ratio (OR) 5 30.0, P , 0.01). A flat cortisol secretion pattern may indicate chronic stress and/or delayed maturation of the rhythm. Barren as compared to enriched rearing (0 to 4 weeks of age) seemed to cause a blunted secretion rhythm at 21 weeks of age. Although behavioural and tail lesion observations provided support to the assumption that a blunted rhythm indicates chronic stress, the biological significance of these cortisol results needs confirmation in future studies.Keywords: pig, cortisol, environmental enrichment, early enrichment ImplicationsThe welfare of intensively housed pigs is a matter of public concern. A crowded and barren environment is known to cause signs of stress. This research was designed to investigate effects on stress physiology of a very moderate amount of bedding provided at different stages of the life of pigs raised for slaughter. The quality (wood shavings and chopped straw) and amount was chosen to be compatible with partly slatted pen floors and slurry manure systems. The results indicate that a small amount of bedding in early life (0 to 4 weeks of age) will prevent physiological signs of stress at a later age. Due to use of unestablished methods the biological significance of these results needs more evidence to be disclosed.

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“…All findings indicate that this patient had hypercortisolism. However, at least few questions were raised regarding his pathophysiological status: first, are the circadian patterns of ACTH and cortisol in blood related to diurnal rhythms as those in healthy subjects [10], and second, how did the histopathological finding with immunohistochemical evaluation of steroidogenic enzymes in this case change.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of them [2][3][4]7] demonstrated a normal diurnal rhythm of cortisol in blood as shown in healthy persons [10], but the histopathological features of adrenocortical neoplasms in these patients have not been reported in the literature to the best of our knowledge.…”

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confidence: 88%

A Case of Preclinical Cushing's Syndrome Associated with Diurnal Rhythms of ACTH and Cortisol in Blood: Correlation with Histological Findings

et al. 2006

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Abstract. We describe a case of adrenocortical adenoma with preclinical Cushing's syndrome demonstrating diurnal rhythms of ACTH and cortisol in blood. A 50-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for the evaluation of incidental right adrenal mass with hyperglycemia and hypertension. On admission, there were no signs of clinical manifestation of hypercortisolism. The basal levels of cortisol (9.3 µg/dl) and ACTH (9.4 pg/ml) at 0800 h were not elevated and these diurnal rhythms were maintained. One or 8 mg of dexamethasone given orally overnight suppressed the plasma ACTH but not serum cortisol. Ultrasonogram, CT and scintiscan of 131 I adosterol all demonstrated an enlarged adrenal mass in the right adrenal gland. The right adrenal gland was subsequently resected by laparoscopic surgery. Histopathological findings of resected adrenal tumor were consistent with adrenocortical adenoma. Adjacent non-neoplastic adrenal tissue demonstrated adrenocortical atrophy but DHEA-sulfotransferase immunoreactivity in the zona reticularis was detected. We report a case of preclinical Cushing's syndrome associated with diurnal rhythms of ACTH and cortisol in blood including histopathological findings and immunohistochemical evaluation of steroidogenic enzymes. Case Report and MethodsA 50-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of incidental right adrenal tumor associated with hyperglycemia and hypertension. Hypertension had been pointed out since he was 30 years old. At 44 years of age, he received lithectomy for ureterolithiasis. At 45 years of age, hyperglycemia was detected by regular health check up. His mother had hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Prior to admission, hypertension (176/107 mmHg) and hyperglycemia with 191 mg/dl in fasting blood glucose and 9.2% in HbA1c were noted. In addition, a right adrenal mass was detected by an abdominal echogram, which was performed by regular health check up. His chief complaints at the time of admission were polydipsia, polyuria and thirst. He was 162 cm tall and weighed 62.5 kg, and had BMI of 23.4 kg/m 2 . His pulse was 68/min and regular, with blood pressure of 182/

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Characterization of the Normal Temporal Pattern of Plasma Corticosteroid Levels

Cited by 544 publications

References 0 publications

Impact of Aging on Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Secretion

Impact of Aging on Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Secretion

Environmental enrichment in early life affects cortisol patterns in growing pigs

A Case of Preclinical Cushing's Syndrome Associated with Diurnal Rhythms of ACTH and Cortisol in Blood: Correlation with Histological Findings

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