Characterization of the number of spot samples required for quantification of gas fluxes and metabolic heat production from grazing beef cows using a GreenFeed

Abstract

Enteric fermentation from cattle results in greenhouse gas production that is an environmental concern and also an energetic loss. Several methods exist to quantify gas fluxes; however, an open circuit gas quantification system (OCGQS) allows for unencumbered quantification of methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen from grazing cattle. While previous literature has proven the accuracy of an OCGQS, little work has been done to establish the minimum number of spot samples required to best evaluate an individual grazing animal’s gas fluxes and metabolic heat production. A GreenFeed system (C-Lock, Inc) was used to collect at least 100 spot samples each from 17 grazing cows. The mean gas fluxes and metabolic heat production were computed starting from the first 10 visits (forward) and increasing by increments of 10 until an animal had 100 visits. Mean gas fluxes and metabolic heat production were also computed starting from visit 100 (reverse) in increments of 10 using the same approach. Pearson and Spearman correlations were computed between the full 100 visits and each shortened visit interval. A large increase in correlations were seen between 30 and 40 visits. Thus, mean forward and reverse gas fluxes and metabolic heat production were also computed starting at 30 visits and increasing by 2 until 40 visits. The minimum number of spot samples was determined when correlations with the full 100 visits were greater than 0.95. The results indicated that the minimum numbers of spot samples needed for accurate quantification of methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen gas fluxes are 38, 40, and 40, respectively. Metabolic heat production can be calculated using gas fluxes collected by the OCGQS with 36 spot samples. Practically, calculation of metabolic heat production will require 40 spot samples because the component gases for metabolic heat calculation require up to 40 spot samples. Published literature from non-grazing (confined) environments recommended a similar number of total spot samples. Large variation existed around the average number of spot samples for an animal per day, therefore a wide range of test durations may be needed to meet the same number of spot samples in different populations. For this reason, protocols for the OCGQS should be based on the total number of spot samples, rather than a test duration.

Determination of gas flux and animal performance test duration of growing cattle in confined conditions

“…Gas flux quantification using a spot-sample technique such as the AGQS requires periodical visitation by the animal to represent the circadian dynamic of CO 2 and CH 4 production and O 2 consumption ( Cottle et al., 2015 ; Hristov et al., 2015 ; Hammond et al., 2016 ). Additionally, gas flux determination allows the estimation of the MHP ( Dressler et al., 2023 ). In this report, the required number of visits to represent the CO 2 , O 2 , and MHP was 20, using a Pearson correlation coefficient greater than 0.95, either when visitation length was 2 or more or 3 or more min ( Figure 1 ).…”

“…The literature reports a different number of visits to the AGQS for determining gas flux, which varies according to the experimental design and feeding system ( Della Rosa et al., 2021 ). Thus, the number of visits when mature animals visited the AGQS for 2 or more min under grazing conditions varied between 38 to 40 visits ( Dressler et al., 2023 ), while from growing animals under confined conditions was 45 visits ( Arthur et al., 2017 ). Conversely, when animals visited for 3 or more min, 12 to 15 visits were required to determine gas flux from animals under grazing conditions ( Gunter and Bradford, 2017 ), while 30 were under confined conditions ( Arthur et al., 2017 ).…”

“…Average CH 4 , CO 2 , O 2 , MHP, DMI, and ADG were calculated following the approach described by Dressler et al. (2023) .…”

“…However, each experiment varied visitation length and number of visits ( Della Rosa et al., 2021 ). Visit recommendations to determine CH 4 emissions using the AGQS varies between 8 and 50 ( Hristov et al., 2015 ; Manafiazar et al., 2016 ; Dressler et al., 2023 ), while visit length ranges from 2 or more or 3 or more min ( Hegarty, 2013 ; Dressler et al., 2023 ). The optimum visit recommendation will depend on the experimental design, facility characteristics, animal type and physiological state, and data analyses.…”

“…The optimum visit recommendation will depend on the experimental design, facility characteristics, animal type and physiological state, and data analyses. For example, Dressler et al. (2023) suggested a minimum of 38 to 40 visits to determine mature cows’ gas flux under grazing conditions.…”