Characterization of the On-Body Path Loss at 2.45 GHz and Energy Efficient WBAN Design for Dairy Cows

Abstract

Index Terms-Cross-layer performance, dairy cow, energy efficiency, incremental cooperative relaying, multi-hop, on-body propagation, packet error rate, path loss, single-hop, wireless body area network (WBAN).

Internet of animals: On-and off-body propagation analysis for energy efficient WBAN design for dairy cows

“…In this situation, the free space antenna gain cannot be used for calculating the path loss. In literature ( [6], [7]), the antenna gains are included in the WBAN path loss calculation given by (1). Thus the path loss, including the antenna gains as a part of the channel model (i.e., antenna embedded path loss), is calculated as follows:…”

“…In the second case, two-hop or cooperative schemes could be used. The derivation of the energy efficiency and the packet error rate as a function of the sensor's transmit power for the single-hop, two-hop, and cooperative schemes are presented [1].…”

“…This makes the herd monitoring -especially the detection of animals that require attention (e.g., care, treatment or assistance) -a challenging task. Wireless tracking sensors could be effectively used on herds of dairy cows to monitor their health and welfare [1], [2].…”

Optimal energy storage solution for an inductively powered system for dairy cows

“…A timely detection of health problems of farm animals leads to a significant cost reduction for the farmer. For example, a late detection of mastitis or lameness of cows costs at least 150 euro and 250 euro per cow and per year, respectively [5], [6], [7].…”

“…A way to monitor cattle and their health is to collect and interpret data, delivered by on-body sensors [7]. An obvious example is a temperature sensor that can detect fever.…”