Characterization of the Tumor Microenvironment and the Biological Processes with a Role in Prostatic Tumorigenesis

Abstract

Prostate intratumoral heterogeneity, driven by epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity, contributes to the limited treatment response, and it is therefore necessary to use the biomarkers to improve patient prognostic survival. We aimed to characterize the tumor microenvironment (T lymphocyte infiltration, intratumoral CD34, and KI-67 expressions) by immunohistochemistry methods and to study the biological mechanisms (cell cycle, cell proliferation by adhesion glycoproteins, cell apoptosis) involved in the evolution of the prostate tumor process by flow-cytometry techniques. Our results showed that proliferative activity (S-phase) revealed statistically significant lower values of prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) reported at non-malignant adjacent cell samples (PCa 4.32 ± 4.91; BPH 2.35 ± 1.37 vs. C 10.23 ± 0.43, p < 0.01). Furthermore, 68% of BPH cases and 88% of patients with PCa had aneuploidy. Statistically increased values of cell proliferation (CD34+ CD61+) were observed in prostate adenocarcinoma and hyperplasia cases reported to non-malignant adjacent cell samples (PCa 28.79 ± 10.14; BPH 40.65 ± 11.88 vs. C 16.15 ± 2.58, p < 0.05). The CD42b+ cell population with a role in cell adhesion, and metastasis had a significantly increased value in PCa cases (38.39 ± 11.23) reported to controls (C 26.24 ± 0.62, p < 0.01). The intratumoral expression of CD34 showed a significantly increased pattern of PCa tissue samples reported to controls (PCa 26.12 ± 6.84 vs. C 1.50 ± 0.70, p < 0.01). Flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle, apoptosis, and adhesion glycoproteins with a critical role in tumoral cell proliferation, T cell infiltrations, Ki-67, and CD 34 expressions by IHC methods are recommended as techniques for the efficient means of measurement for adenocarcinoma and hyperplasia prostate tissue samples and should be explored in the future.

PD-L1, CD4+, and CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) Expression Profiles in Melanoma Tumor Microenvironment Cells

“…Most malignant melanocytic tumors evolved despite immune cell presence in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting that these lymphocytes fail to control tumor growth [ 7 , 40 , 41 ]. The tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were a part of many studies in the past few years [ 42 ], bringing important evidence that a high number of lymphocytes are present in the development site of a tumor, with numerous CD8-positive T lymphocytes. These lymphocytes present in melanoma must be differentiated from lymphocytes in a skin lymphoma that has immunoreactivity for CD20 but a negative reaction for CD30 and CD45 [ 43 ].…”

Endotoxin Inflammatory Action on Cells by Dysregulated-Immunological-Barrier-Linked ROS-Apoptosis Mechanisms in Gut–Liver Axis

“…Going over the limitations of the study, such as a small number of patients or small pieces of duodenal biopsy, flow cytometric analysis of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, and apoptosis linked to oxidative stress mechanisms, may be used as a direction for future research in different maligned affections as efficient means of measurement in the diagnostic field. [ 151 ]. In this paper, we studied only the immunological changes in the gut barrier by pro-inflammatory biomarkers linked to ROS-cell death mechanisms, not the entire gut barrier function in the gut–liver axis.…”

Evaluation of Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg Extract in Canola Oil Loaded in Bioadhesive Oral Films for Potential Applications in Oral Cavity Infections and Malignancy

“…The cells with PI (20 µg/mL) and RNase A (30 µg/mL) were incubated at room temperature, into darkness, for 30 min [ 53 ]. Next, the cell cycle distribution was detected by flow cytometry, using a 488 nm excitation and orange emission for PI (BL2 channel) [ 56 ].…”