Characterization of Ti–6Al–4V open cellular foams fabricated by additive manufacturing using electron beam melting

Murr, L. E.; Gaytan, Sara M.; Medina, Frank; Martínez, E.; Martínez, José Luis; Hernandez, D.H.; Machado, B.I.; Ramirez, D. A.; Wicker, Ryan B.

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2009.11.015

Cited by 234 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…E s was assumed to be 110GPa for fully dense Ti-6Al-4V (Harrysson et al, 2008). σ y,s for many metals and alloys is roughly a third of the Vickers microhardness (Murr et al, 2010). In this work, the Vickers microhardness of the struts is 3.71±0.35 GPa, and thus σ y,s was taken as 1.24 GPa.…”

Section: Fig12 Elastic Modulus As a Function Of The Ultimate Compresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Selective laser melting (SLM), also termed as direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), and electron beam melting (EBM) are the powder bed fusion (PBF) processes of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, and capable of fabricating near-fully dense metal components with complex freeform geometries directly from computer-aided design (CAD) models (Koike et al, 2011), therefore showing great potential to fabricate metallic cellular lattice structures beyond the current limitations of the conventional manufacturing techniques. Recently, many attempts have been made to fabricate porous titanium scaffolds or orthopaedic implants with precisely controlled internal structures and complex external shapes through SLM or EBM (Mullen et al, 2009;Bertol et al, 2010;Gorny et al, 2011;Murr et al, 2010;Heinl et al, 2008;Parthasarathy et al, 2010;Sallica-Leva et al, 2013). For example, Mullen et al (2009) built cellular titanium structures based on an octahedral unit cell through SLM for orthopaedic applications, and the produced structures possessed the porosity of 10-95% and compressive strength of 0.5-350MPa comparable to the typical naturally occurring range of natural bones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ti–6Al–4V triply periodic minimal surface structures for bone implants fabricated via selective laser melting

Yan

Hao

Hussein

et al. 2015

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

555

236

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Young, Ti-6Al-4V triply periodic minimal surface structures for bone implants fabricated via selective laser melting, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm. 2015.06.024 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. C for 4 h, the α' martensite was converted to a mixture of α and β, in which the α phase being the dominant fraction is present as fine laths with the width of 500-800 nm and separated by a small amount of narrow, interphase regions of dark β phase. Also, the microhardness is decreased to 3.71±0.35 GPa due to the coarsening of the microstructure. The 80-95% porosity TPMS lattices exhibit a comparable porosity with trabecular bone, and the modulus is in the range of 0.12-1.25 GPa and thus can be adjusted to the modulus of trabecular bone. At the same range of porosity of 5-10%, the moduli of cortical bone and of the Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattices are in a similar range. Therefore, the modulus and porosity of Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattices can be tailored to the levels of human bones and thus reduce or avoid "stress shielding"and increase longevity of implants. Due to the biomorphic designs, and high interconnected porosity and stiffness comparable to human bones, SLM-made Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattices can be a promising material for load bearing bone implants.

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Section: Fig12 Elastic Modulus As a Function Of The Ultimate Compresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ti–6Al–4V triply periodic minimal surface structures for bone implants fabricated via selective laser melting

Yan

Hao

Hussein

et al. 2015

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

555

236

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The gradient and uniform porous scaffolds can be designed using traditional CAD (Computer Aided Design) and include the use of open cellular foams [26,27] and periodic uniform unit cells based on platonic solids [28][29][30]. Other techniques, such as implicit surface modelling [31][32][33] and topology optimized scaffolds [18,34], are also gaining in popularity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Behavior of Additively Manufactured and Functionally Graded Ti6Al4V Porous Scaffolds

Onal

Frith

Jurg

et al. 2018

Metals

127

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Abstract:Functionally graded lattice structures produced by additive manufacturing are promising for bone tissue engineering. Spatial variations in their porosity are reported to vary the stiffness and make it comparable to cortical or trabecular bone. However, the interplay between the mechanical properties and biological response of functionally graded lattices is less clear. Here we show that by designing continuous gradient structures and studying their mechanical and biological properties simultaneously, orthopedic implant design can be improved and guidelines can be established. Our continuous gradient structures were generated by gradually changing the strut diameter of a body centered cubic (BCC) unit cell. This approach enables a smooth transition between unit cell layers and minimizes the effect of stress discontinuity within the scaffold. Scaffolds were fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) and underwent mechanical and in vitro biological testing. Our results indicate that optimal gradient structures should possess small pores in their core (~900 µm) to increase their mechanical strength whilst large pores (~1100 µm) should be utilized in their outer surface to enhance cell penetration and proliferation. We suggest this approach could be widely used in the design of orthopedic implants to maximize both the mechanical and biological properties of the implant.

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“…Parts are built in a layer-by-layer fashion as powder is injected into a melt pool created by a focused laser beam, which is moved in a specific pattern to build the desired part. LENS™ and other energy deposition-based AM processes have gathered interest because of their potential for producing parts with advantageous microstructural features, [1] unique structures, [2] and/or improved mechanical properties. [3] Additional abilities of such deposition processes include building of compositionally or functionally graded parts, [4] fully dense parts, and use in part repair.…”

Section: The Laser Engineered Net Shaping (Lens™)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that the choices for f and V 0 in Eq. [2] may be large, leading to a small overestimation of local solidification rates…”

Section: A Model Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of Ti-W Solidification Microstructures Under Additive Manufacturing Conditions

Rolchigo

Mendoza

Samimi

et al. 2017

Metall Mater Trans A

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Additive manufacturing (AM) processes have many benefits for the fabrication of alloy parts, including the potential for greater microstructural control and targeted properties than traditional metallurgy processes. To accelerate utilization of this process to produce such parts, an effective computational modeling approach to identify the relationships between material and process parameters, microstructure, and part properties is essential. Development of such a model requires accounting for the many factors in play during this process, including laser absorption, material addition and melting, fluid flow, various modes of heat transport, and solidification. In this paper, we start with a more modest goal, to create a multiscale model for a specific AM process, Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™), which couples a continuumlevel description of a simplified beam melting problem (coupling heat absorption, heat transport, and fluid flow) with a Lattice Boltzmann-cellular automata (LB-CA) microscale model of combined fluid flow, solute transport, and solidification. We apply this model to a binary Ti-5.5 wt pct W alloy and compare calculated quantities, such as dendrite arm spacing, with experimental results reported in a companion paper.

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Characterization of Ti–6Al–4V open cellular foams fabricated by additive manufacturing using electron beam melting

Cited by 234 publications

References 11 publications

Ti–6Al–4V triply periodic minimal surface structures for bone implants fabricated via selective laser melting

Ti–6Al–4V triply periodic minimal surface structures for bone implants fabricated via selective laser melting

Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Behavior of Additively Manufactured and Functionally Graded Ti6Al4V Porous Scaffolds

Modeling of Ti-W Solidification Microstructures Under Additive Manufacturing Conditions

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