Characterization of Tm-1 gene action on replication of common isolates and a resistance-breaking isolate of TMV

Watanabe, Yoshihisa; Kishibayashi, Nobuyuki; Motoyoshi, Fusao; Okada, Yoshimi

doi:10.1016/0042-6822(87)90147-4

Cited by 53 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Cucumber mosaic virus can replicate in potato protoplasts lacking the Rx gene either alone or when co-inoculated together with potato virus X, and can replicate in Rx protoplasts in the absence of PVX. Evidence which argues against the induction of a nonspeci¢c host response by the Tm-1 gene is as follows: (i) Tm-1 resistance is not a¡ected by actinomycin D and therefore host transcription is not needed for expression of resistance (Watanabe et al 1987a); (ii) resistance in protoplasts is shown at an early stage after inoculation (Watanabe et al 1987a); (iii) co-inoculation of Tm-1/Tm-1 protoplasts with equal amounts of RNA of TMV-L and a resistance-breaking strain did not prevent replication of the resistance-breaking strain and did not allow replication of TMV-L (Yamafugi et al 1991). Further work is needed to distinguish the three hypotheses unequivocally.…”

Section: Host Proteins Involved In Tmv Rna Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Tm-1 gene inhibits the multiplication of many tobamoviruses, but is not e¡ective against viruses in other genera, such as cucumber mosaic virus (Pelham 1966(Pelham , 1972Watanabe et al 1987a). The Tm-1 gene is dominant and dose-dependent, inhibition of virus multiplication being greater in Tm-1/Tm-1 tomato plants (homozygous for the Tm-1 gene) than in Tm-1/+ plants (heterozygous for the Tm-1 gene).…”

Section: Host Proteins Involved In Tmv Rna Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lta1 is a spontaneous mutant derived from a tomato strain of TMV, TMV-L. Unlike TMV-L, Lta1 spread systemically and caused mosaic symptoms in Tm-1/Tm-1 tomato plants (Watanabe et al 1987a). The nucleotide sequence of Lta1 RNA showed that it di¡ered from that of TMV-L RNA at ¢ve positions acid encoded) and a third, insertion of a U residue in the 5'-untranslated region, was found in other Tm-1-sensitive isolates.…”

Section: Host Proteins Involved In Tmv Rna Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Replication of tobacco mosaic virus RNA

Buck

1999

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

100

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The replication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA involves synthesis of a negative-strand RNA using the genomic positive-strand RNA as a template, followed by the synthesis of positive-strand RNA on the negative-strand RNA templates. Intermediates of replication isolated from infected cells include completely double-stranded RNA (replicative form) and partly double-stranded and partly single-stranded RNA (replicative intermediate), but it is not known whether these structures are double-stranded or largely single-stranded in vivo. The synthesis of negative strands ceases before that of positive strands, and positive and negative strands may be synthesized by two di¡erent polymerases. The genomic-length negative strand also serves as a template for the synthesis of subgenomic mRNAs for the virus movement and coat proteins. Both the virus-encoded 126-kDa protein, which has amino-acid sequence motifs typical of methyltransferases and helicases, and the 183-kDa protein, which has additional motifs characteristic of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, are required for e¤cient TMV RNA replication. Puri¢ed TMV RNA polymerase also contains a host protein serologically related to the RNA-binding subunit of the yeast translational initiation factor, eIF3. Study of Arabidopsis mutants defective in RNA replication indicates that at least two host proteins are needed for TMV RNA replication. The tomato resistance gene Tm-1 may also encode a mutant form of a host protein component of the TMV replicase. TMV replicase complexes are located on the endoplasmic reticulum in close association with the cytoskeleton in cytoplasmic bodies called viroplasms, which mature to produce`X bodies'. Viroplasms are sites of both RNA replication and protein synthesis, and may provide compartments in which the various stages of the virus mutiplication cycle (protein synthesis, RNA replication, virus movement, encapsidation) are localized and coordinated. Membranes may also be important for the con¢guration of the replicase with respect to initiation of RNA synthesis, and synthesis and release of progeny single-stranded RNA.

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Section: Host Proteins Involved In Tmv Rna Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Host Proteins Involved In Tmv Rna Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Host Proteins Involved In Tmv Rna Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Replication of tobacco mosaic virus RNA

Buck

1999

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

100

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“…BY-2 protoplasts (see SI Text for preparation of tobacco BY-2 protoplasts) were inoculated with TMV pretreated with different concentrations of the compounds as described above. Total protein was extracted at 4 or 12 hpi from 5 ml of infected protoplasts (32) and quantified by the Coomassie dye-binding assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) (33). The accumulation levels of TMV CP in the protoplasts were determined by ELISA (34) and Western blot analysis (35).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seco -pregnane steroids target the subgenomic RNA of alphavirus-like RNA viruses

Wang²,

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Plants have evolved multiple mechanisms to selectively suppress pathogens by production of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities. Therefore, direct selections for antiviral compounds from plants can be used to identify new agents with potent antiviral activity but not toxic to hosts. Here, we provide evidence that a class of compounds, seco-pregnane steroid glaucogenin C and its monosugar-glycoside cynatratoside A of Strobilanthes cusia and three new pantasugar-glycosides of glaucogenin C of Cynanchum paniculatum, are effective and selective inhibitors to alphavirus-like positive-strand RNA viruses including plant-infecting tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and animal-infecting Sindbis virus (SINV), eastern equine encephalitis virus, and Getah virus, but not to other RNA or DNA viruses, yet they were not toxic to host cells. In vivo administration of the compounds protected BALB/c mice from lethal SINV infection without adverse effects on the mice. Using TMV and SINV as models, studies on the action mechanism revealed that the compounds predominantly suppress the expression of viral subgenomic RNA(s) without affecting the accumulation of viral genomic RNA. Our work suggested that the viral subgenomic RNA could be a new target for the discovery of antiviral drugs, and that seco-pregnane steroid and its four glycosides found in the two medicinal herbs have the potential for further development as antiviral agents against alphavirus-like positive-strand RNA viruses.antiviral drugs ͉ Strobilanthes cusia ͉ Cynanchum atratum V iruses replicate in host cells by hijacking the host-cell metabolic machinery. It is therefore difficult for antiviral therapies to inhibit only viral functions but spare host cellular processes. Nevertheless, great progress has been achieved over the past decades in antiviral research and therapy to reduce morbidity and mortality in virus-infected individuals (1, 2), and many antiviral drugs have been approved in recent years, most of which targeted either viral proteins or host cellular proteins. However, some of these compounds might induce the resistance of viruses to them and cause cell toxicity (3-5). The continuing emergence of highly pathogenic viruses like avian influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus underscores the importance of advancing the search for effective antiviral agents. Plants have evolved constitutive and inducible defense mechanisms by producing a vast array of secondary metabolites against various microbial pathogens (6). Many herbaceous plants have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat viral diseases (7). It is conceivable that antiviral compounds would occur in plants as part of their innate defense arsenal, and the vast assortment of secondary metabolites could serve as a large pool for screening for previously undescribed antiviral compounds with a selective target spectrum and nontoxic to the host plants. Here, we provide evidence that a class of compounds, the seco-pregnane steroid and its glycosides from Strobilanthe...

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“…Beier et al, 1977 ;Motoyoshi & Oshima, 1975Gonda & Symons, 1979;Stobbs & MacNeill, 1980;Barker & Harrison, 1984). Restriction of viral replication may occur, as with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tomatoes which possess the Tin-1 gene (Watanabe et al, 1987;Meshi et al, 1988), or impairment of cell-to-cell movement may occur, as with TMV and tomatoes which possess the Tin-2 gene (Meshi et al, 1989).…”

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confidence: 99%

Expression of Resistance to Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus in Barley and Oat Protoplasts

Zheng

Edwards²

1990

Journal of General Virology

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Mesophyll protoplasts from both susceptible and resistant hosts were inoculated with RNA purified from barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) strains CV52 and CV42 using the polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. Protoplasts derived from the susceptible Hordeum vulgate L. cv. Black Hulless were susceptible to both BSMV strains, as indicated by fluorescein isotbiocyanate staining and ELISA. More than 80 % of protoplasts derived from an Oat cultivar resistant to CV52, hut not to CV42, were readily infected by either CV52 or CV42. Protoplasts from 10 barley lines resistant to CV42 remained resistant to CV42, although a limited number of protoplasts were infected. Functional resistance in the cultured barley protoplasts, but not in those from oat plants, suggests that resistance in these barley lines may be the result of restriction of replication, whereas resistance in oat plants is more likely due to restriction of cell-to-cell movement.

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Characterization of Tm-1 gene action on replication of common isolates and a resistance-breaking isolate of TMV

Cited by 53 publications

References 27 publications

Replication of tobacco mosaic virus RNA

Replication of tobacco mosaic virus RNA

Seco -pregnane steroids target the subgenomic RNA of alphavirus-like RNA viruses

Expression of Resistance to Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus in Barley and Oat Protoplasts

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