Characterization of tomato endo-?-1,4-glucanase Cel1 protein in fruit during ripening and after fungal infection

Real, M. Dolores; García‐Agustín, Pilar; Bennett, A. B.; González-Bosch, Carmen

doi:10.1007/s00425-004-1321-7

Cited by 17 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Among the responses to B. cinerea shared by MG and RR fruit, expression of Cel1 (U13054), in the b-1,4-endoglucanase family, decreased 2-fold, confirming reports that the Cel1 protein is reduced when tomato leaves or fruit are inoculated with B. cinerea (Real et al, 2004;Flors et al, 2007).…”

Section: B Cinerea-inducible Gene Expression Changessupporting

confidence: 79%

Ripening-Regulated Susceptibility of Tomato Fruit toBotrytis cinereaRequiresNORBut NotRINor Ethylene

Cantu

Blanco‐Ulate

Long³

et al. 2009

Plant Physiology

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Fruit ripening is a developmental process that is associated with increased susceptibility to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Histochemical observations demonstrate that unripe tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit activate pathogen defense responses, but these responses are attenuated in ripe fruit infected by B. cinerea. Tomato fruit ripening is regulated independently and cooperatively by ethylene and transcription factors, including NON-RIPENING (NOR) and RIPENING-INHIBITOR (RIN). Mutations in NOR or RIN or interference with ethylene perception prevent fruit from ripening and, thereby, would be expected to influence susceptibility. We show, however, that the susceptibility of ripe fruit is dependent on NOR but not on RIN and only partially on ethylene perception, leading to the conclusion that not all of the pathways and events that constitute ripening render fruit susceptible. Additionally, on unripe fruit, B. cinerea induces the expression of genes also expressed as uninfected fruit ripen. Among the ripening-associated genes induced by B. cinerea are LePG (for polygalacturonase) and LeExp1 (for expansin), which encode cell wall-modifying proteins and have been shown to facilitate susceptibility. LePG and LeExp1 are induced only in susceptible rin fruit and not in resistant nor fruit. Thus, to infect fruit, B. cinerea relies on some of the processes and events that occur during ripening, and the fungus induces these pathways in unripe fruit, suggesting that the pathogen itself can initiate the induction of susceptibility by exploiting endogenous developmental programs. These results demonstrate the developmental plasticity of plant responses to the fungus and indicate how known regulators of fruit ripening participate in regulating ripening-associated pathogen susceptibility.

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Section: B Cinerea-inducible Gene Expression Changessupporting

confidence: 79%

Ripening-Regulated Susceptibility of Tomato Fruit toBotrytis cinereaRequiresNORBut NotRINor Ethylene

Cantu

Blanco‐Ulate

Long³

et al. 2009

Plant Physiology

Self Cite

151

163

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“…CNR mRNA is up-regulated in fruit at the breaker stage [57], coincidently, our sequence results showed a negative correlation as expected. Two important targets of miR396 are endo-1, 4-beta-glucanase and MADS-box protein, both of which are important regulators in fruit ripening and softening [78,79]. Our sequencing results showed that the abundance of miR396 peaked at the breaker stage and decreased sharply in red ripening stage suggesting its possible function in fruit ripening.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Sculpting the maturation, softening and ethylene pathway: The influences of microRNAs on tomato fruits

Zuo

Zhu

et al. 2012

BMC Genomics

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BackgroundMicroRNAs (miRNAs), a ubiquitous class of short RNAs, play vital roles in physiological and biochemical processes in plants by mediating gene silencing at post-transcriptional (PTGS) level. Tomato is a model system to study molecular basis of fleshy fruit ripening and senescence, ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction owing to its genetic and molecular tractability. To study the functions of miRNAs in tomato fruit ripening and senescence, and their possible roles in ethylene response, the next generation sequencing method was employed to identify miRNAs in tomato fruit. Bioinformatics and molecular biology approaches were combined to profile the miRNAs expression patterns at three different fruit ripening stages and by exogenous ethylene treatment.ResultsIn addition to 7 novel miRNA families, 103 conserved miRNAs belonging to 24 families and 10 non-conserved miRNAs matching 9 families were identified in our libraries. The targets of many these miRNAs were predicted to be transcriptional factors. Other targets are known to play roles in the regulation of metabolic processes. Interestingly, some targets were predicted to be involved in fruit ripening and softening, such as Pectate Lyase, beta-galactosidase, while a few others were predicted to be involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathway, such as ACS, EIN2 and CTR1. The expression patterns of a number of such miRNAs at three ripening stages were confirmed by stem-loop RT-PCR, which showed a strong negative correlation with that of their targets. The regulation of exogenous ethylene on miRNAs expression profiles were analyzed simultaneously, and 3 down-regulated, 5 up-regulated miRNAs were found in this study.ConclusionsA combination of high throughput sequencing and molecular biology approaches was used to explore the involvement of miRNAs during fruit ripening. Several miRNAs showed differential expression profiles during fruit ripening, and a number of miRNAs were influenced by ethylene treatment. The results suggest the importance of miRNAs in fruit ripening and ethylene response.

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“…, 1997). The Cel1 protein was also characterized in fruit and has several polypeptides (Real et al. , 2004), possibly as a result of variable amounts of either glycosylation at the potential N ‐glycosylation sites reported in the sequence analysis (Lashbrook et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absence of the endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanases Cel1 and Cel2 reduces susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea in tomato

et al. 2007

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SummaryCel1 and Cel2 are members of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) endo-b-1,4-glucanase (EGase) family that may play a role in fruit ripening and organ abscission. This work demonstrates that Cel1 protein is present in other vegetative tissues and accumulates during leaf development. We recently reported the downregulation of both the Cel1 mRNA and protein upon fungal infection, suggesting the involvement of EGases in plant-pathogen interactions. This hypothesis was confirmed by assessing the resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection of transgenic plants expressing both genes in an antisense orientation (Anti-Cel1, Anti-Cel2 and AntiCel1-Cel2). The Anti-Cel1-Cel2 plants showed enhanced resistance to this fungal necrotroph. Microscopical analysis of infected leaves revealed that tomato plants accumulated pathogen-inducible callose within the expanding lesion. Anti-Cel1-Cel2 plants presented a faster and enhanced callose accumulation against B. cinerea than wild-type plants. The inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose, a callose synthesis inhibitor, showed a direct relationship between faster callose accumulation and enhanced resistance to B. cinerea. EGase activity appears to negatively modulate callose deposition. The absence of both EGase genes was associated with changes in the expression of the pathogen-related genes PR1 and LoxD. Interestingly, Anti-Cel1-Cel2 plants were more susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae, displaying severe disease symptoms and enhanced bacterial growth relative to wild-type plants. Analysis of the involvement of Cel1 and Cel2 in the susceptibility to B. cinerea in fruits was done with the ripening-impaired mutants Never ripe (Nr) and Ripening inhibitor (rin). The data reported in this work support the idea that enzymes involved in cell wall metabolism play a role in susceptibility to pathogens.

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Characterization of tomato endo-?-1,4-glucanase Cel1 protein in fruit during ripening and after fungal infection

Cited by 17 publications

References 36 publications

Ripening-Regulated Susceptibility of Tomato Fruit toBotrytis cinereaRequiresNORBut NotRINor Ethylene

Ripening-Regulated Susceptibility of Tomato Fruit toBotrytis cinereaRequiresNORBut NotRINor Ethylene

Sculpting the maturation, softening and ethylene pathway: The influences of microRNAs on tomato fruits

Absence of the endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanases Cel1 and Cel2 reduces susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea in tomato

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