Characterization of Trisiloxane Surfactants from Agrochemical Adjuvants and Pollinator-Related Matrices Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

Chen, Jing; Mullin, Christopher A.

doi:10.1021/jf505634x

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Nonylphenol more than organosiloxane and octylphenol polyethoxylates were found in wax samples, while pollen and particularly honey residues were lower ( 62 ). Major commercial spray tank adjuvants are blends of organosilicone, nonylphenol, and octylphenol polyethoxylates, making it more difficult to associate environment residues with any specific product ( 63 ). Nevertheless, sample levels of the more abundant nonylphenol polyethoxylate residues may be used as a risk predictor for pesticide exposure because of their frequent coincidence in tank mixes of formulations and adjuvants ( 62 ).…”

Section: Organosilicones: the Most Powerful Surfactantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological Risks of Agrochemical Spray Adjuvants: Organosilicone Surfactants May Not Be Safe

Mullin

Fine

Reynolds

et al. 2016

Front. Public Health

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103

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Agrochemical risk assessment that takes into account only pesticide active ingredients without the spray adjuvants commonly used in their application will miss important toxicity outcomes detrimental to non-target species, including humans. Lack of disclosure of adjuvant and formulation ingredients coupled with a lack of adequate analytical methods constrains the assessment of total chemical load on beneficial organisms and the environment. Adjuvants generally enhance the pesticidal efficacy and inadvertently the non-target effects of the active ingredient. Spray adjuvants are largely assumed to be biologically inert and are not registered by the USA EPA, leaving their regulation and monitoring to individual states. Organosilicone surfactants are the most potent adjuvants and super-penetrants available to growers. Based on the data for agrochemical applications to almonds from California Department of Pesticide Regulation, there has been increasing use of adjuvants, particularly organosilicone surfactants, during bloom when two-thirds of USA honey bee colonies are present. Increased tank mixing of these with ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors and other fungicides and with insect growth regulator insecticides may be associated with recent USA honey bee declines. This database archives every application of a spray tank adjuvant with detail that is unprecedented globally. Organosilicone surfactants are good stand alone pesticides, toxic to bees, and are also present in drug and personal care products, particularly shampoos, and thus represent an important component of the chemical landscape to which pollinators and humans are exposed. This mini review is the first to possibly link spray adjuvant use with declining health of honey bee populations.

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Section: Organosilicones: the Most Powerful Surfactantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological Risks of Agrochemical Spray Adjuvants: Organosilicone Surfactants May Not Be Safe

Mullin

Fine

Reynolds

et al. 2016

Front. Public Health

Self Cite

103

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“…Sylgard 309 is more uniform in composition than other spray adjuvants analyzed, being almost 80% pure acetyl-capped trisiloxane surfactant (Fig. 1), and it is used in spray tanks at concentrations up to 1%32.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Inert Pesticide Adjuvant Synergizes Viral Pathogenicity and Mortality in Honey Bee Larvae

Fine

Cox-Foster

Mullin

2017

Sci Rep

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Honey bees are highly valued for their pollination services in agricultural settings, and recent declines in managed populations have caused concern. Colony losses following a major pollination event in the United States, almond pollination, have been characterized by brood mortality with specific symptoms, followed by eventual colony loss weeks later. In this study, we demonstrate that these symptoms can be produced by chronically exposing brood to both an organosilicone surfactant adjuvant (OSS) commonly used on many agricultural crops including wine grapes, tree nuts and tree fruits and exogenous viral pathogens by simulating a horizontal transmission event. Observed synergistic mortality occurred during the larval-pupal molt. Using q-PCR techniques to measure gene expression and viral levels in larvae taken prior to observed mortality at metamorphosis, we found that exposure to OSS and exogenous virus resulted in significantly heightened Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV) titers and lower expression of a Toll 7-like-receptor associated with autophagic viral defense (Am18w). These results demonstrate that organosilicone spray adjuvants that are considered biologically inert potentiate viral pathogenicity in honey bee larvae, and guidelines for OSS use may be warranted.

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“…Silicone-based surfactants are new effective amphiphiles with advanced characteristics. They are widely used in the leather industry [ 113 ], agriculture [ 114 ], as cosmetic emulsifiers, fabric softeners [ 115 ], etc. In addition, cationic silicone-based gemini surfactants are in accordance with the principles of green chemistry due to low toxicity and quick decomposition of the Si-O-Si bond [ 116 ].…”

Section: Self-assembly Of Amphiphilic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Compounds as a Versatile Tool for Construction of Nanoscale Drug Carriers

Kashapov

Gaynanova

Gabdrakhmanov

et al. 2020

IJMS

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This review focuses on synthetic and natural amphiphilic systems prepared from straight-chain and macrocyclic compounds capable of self-assembly with the formation of nanoscale aggregates of different morphology and their application as drug carriers. Since numerous biological species (lipid membrane, bacterial cell wall, mucous membrane, corneal epithelium, biopolymers, e.g., proteins, nucleic acids) bear negatively charged fragments, much attention is paid to cationic carriers providing high affinity for encapsulated drugs to targeted cells. First part of the review is devoted to self-assembling and functional properties of surfactant systems, with special attention focusing on cationic amphiphiles, including those bearing natural or cleavable fragments. Further, lipid formulations, especially liposomes, are discussed in terms of their fabrication and application for intracellular drug delivery. This section highlights several features of these carriers, including noncovalent modification of lipid formulations by cationic surfactants, pH-responsive properties, endosomal escape, etc. Third part of the review deals with nanocarriers based on macrocyclic compounds, with such important characteristics as mucoadhesive properties emphasized. In this section, different combinations of cyclodextrin platform conjugated with polymers is considered as drug delivery systems with synergetic effect that improves solubility, targeting and biocompatibility of formulations.

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Characterization of Trisiloxane Surfactants from Agrochemical Adjuvants and Pollinator-Related Matrices Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 23 publications

References 28 publications

Toxicological Risks of Agrochemical Spray Adjuvants: Organosilicone Surfactants May Not Be Safe

Toxicological Risks of Agrochemical Spray Adjuvants: Organosilicone Surfactants May Not Be Safe

An Inert Pesticide Adjuvant Synergizes Viral Pathogenicity and Mortality in Honey Bee Larvae

Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Compounds as a Versatile Tool for Construction of Nanoscale Drug Carriers

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