Characterization of used tire vacuum pyrolysis oil: Nitrogenous compounds from the naphtha fraction

Characterization of the liquid products obtained in tyre pyrolysis

“…For instance Cunliffe and Williams [8] studied pyrolysis from 450 to 600 • C and carried out an exhaustive characterization of tyre liquids; they separated the oils by sequential elution chromatography, and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) only the aromatic fraction. Mirmiram et al [14] pyrolysed tyres in a continuous vacuum process development unit, distilled the liquids at atmospheric pressure, analysed by GC/MS and GC/AED, just the naphtha fraction (30-204 • C), and identified only the nitrogenous compounds. Benallal et al [19] pyrolysed tyres under vacuum at 510 • C, also distilled the liquids and characterized by GC/MS, capillary column GC and elemental analysis, just the light naphtha fraction (bp <160 • C), which is only 20% of total tyre liquids.…”

“…Very different experimental procedures have been used including thermogravimetric analysers [6,7], fixed bed reactors [4,5,[8][9][10], fluidised bed pyrolysis units [11][12][13], vacuum pyrolysis units [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], spouted bed reactors [24], etc., and ranging from laboratory to commercial scale plants. Such studies have been focused on different items of the pyrolysis process, such as kinetics, reactor design, products characterization, economics, etc.…”

Scrap Tyre Management Pathways and Their Use as a Fuel—A Review

“…This light naphtha was found to be rich in aromatic and olifinic compounds with higher octane number and capable of adding to hydrofiner feedstock without influencing the process requirement [109]. Car tyre pyrolysis in a vacuum reactor at 500 • C obtained 61 wt % oil that of which contained 18 wt % naphtha [110].…”

“…This reactor works at a lower temperature in comparison to fluidised-bed reactors but yields less oil [106]. Roy and colleagues conducted several vacuum tyre pyrolysis tests to investigate the products yields and quality [107][108][109][110][111]. They pyrolysed recycled scrap tyres at 415 • C and used a pressure of less than 2 kPa (absolute pressure) and developed a vacuum pyrolysis pilot plant with two different particle sizes [107].…”

Fuel-oils from co-pyrolysis of scrap tyres with coal and a bituminous waste. Influence of oven configuration

“…The nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds that have been identified include: benzonitrile, methyllbenzonitrile, benzenedicarbonitrile, benzamide, N-hexilbenzamide. The aliphatic ones include: caprolactama, hexadecanonitrile and heptadecanonitrile [3,42]. The most abundant sulphur compounds present in the oils are: benzotiazole and alquilated tiophenes [38].…”