Plants exploit ubiquitination to modulate the proteome with the final aim to ensure environmental adaptation and developmental plasticity. Ubiquitination targets are specifically driven to degradation through the action of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Genetic analyses have indicated wide functions of ubiquitination in plant life; nevertheless, despite the large number of predicted E3s, only a few of them have been characterized so far, and only a few ubiquitination targets are known. In this work, we characterized durum wheat (Triticum durum) RING Finger1 (TdRF1) as a durum wheat nuclear ubiquitin ligase. Moreover, its barley (Hordeum vulgare) homolog was shown to protect cells from dehydration stress. A protein network interacting with TdRF1 has been defined. The transcription factor WHEAT BEL1-TYPE HOMEODOMAIN1 (WBLH1) was degraded in a TdRF1-dependent manner through the 26S proteasome in vivo, the mitogen-activated protein kinase TdWNK5 [for Triticum durum WITH NO LYSINE (K)5] was able to phosphorylate TdRF1 in vitro, and the RING-finger protein WHEAT VIVIPAROUS-INTERACTING PROTEIN2 (WVIP2) was shown to have a strong E3 ligase activity. The genes coding for the TdRF1 interactors were all responsive to cold and/or dehydration stress, and a negative regulative function in dehydration tolerance was observed for the barley homolog of WVIP2. A role in the control of plant development was previously known, or predictable based on homology, for wheat BEL1-type homeodomain1(WBLH1). Thus, TdRF1 E3 ligase might act regulating the response to abiotic stress and remodeling plant development in response to environmental constraints.Plants are sessile organisms that must cope with their surrounding environments; thus, stresses such as drought, soil salinity, or extreme temperatures represent common events during their life cycle. These unfavorable conditions limit plant growth and development and strongly threat crop productivity, preventing the expression of the full genetic potential of cultivars. At the molecular level, upon plant exposition to stress, a plethora of genes are up-or down-regulated to reorganize the metabolic fluxes leading to plant adaptation as a final result. These responses provide plants with the capacity to avoid or mitigate the effects of stresses. Besides gene transcriptional changes, cells have evolved other types of molecular responses, such as posttranslational modifications of key proteins (Mazzucotelli et al., 2008). Among them, protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination are key components of the molecular response to different types of abiotic stresses. These modifications are implicated in signal transduction, positive and negative regulation of the response, and cross-connections between different signaling pathways and stress responses. The rapid and precise activation or inhibition of regulatory proteins is essential for the coordination of an array of physiological responses to cope with different stresses and to ensure a tightly controlled regulation of cellular changes induced by stress inte...