Characterization of yield surfaces using balanced biaxial tests of cruciform plate specimens

A review of planar biaxial tensile test systems for sheet metal

“…These slits made in each arm, were found to be very effective in causing uniform strain distribution within the gauge section, allowing the biaxial stress components in the gauge section to be easily identified without assuming the effective cross-sectional area (Kuwabara et al, 1998). These slots are also used to distribute the applied load evenly to the gauge section and also uncouple the two loading axes by allowing more flexibility for the specimen to deform in the two directions (Lin et al, 1993;Donne et al, 2000). This was also shown in a method of gripping the standard square specimens .…”

“…The design of the cruciform specimen is the main difficulty that restricts application for the cruciform biaxial tensile test (Yong et al, 2002). Although specimens of the cruciform type have been investigated quite extensively no standard geometry exists (Lin et al, 1993;Lin and Ding, 1995). The lack of standard specimen geometry makes it difficult to compare test results from different laboratories (Makinde et al, 1992a).…”

“…To enable the acquisition of full stress-strain curves, the center section of the specimen must experience elastic and plastic deformation. Although specimens of the cruciform type have been investigated quite extensively, no standard geometry exists for the specimen design (Lin et al, 1993;Lin and Ding, 1995).…”

Cruciform shape benefits for experimental and numerical evaluation of sheet metal formability

“…Pascole and De Villiers (1973) have used a cruciform specimen to study the low cycle fatigue of steels, a similar shape has been used by Kelly (1976) to study creep failure. Yield criteria and hardening identifications have notably been carried out by Lin et al (1993).…”

Development of an in-plane biaxial test for forming limit curve (FLC) characterization of metallic sheets

“…Moreover, for such a specimen, the friction cannot alter both formability and strain path. Nevertheless, this kind of specimen has never been used in formability studies even if many authors intensively used it for other mechanical characterizations (fatigue [8], creep [9] or yield criteria and hardening laws [10]). Although cruciform specimens have been investigated quite extensively, no standard geometry exists to this day [11] and the design of the specimen shape is still the main difficulty that restricts applications for the cruciform biaxial tensile test.…”