Characterizations of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resol Resins

Haupt, R. A.; Sellers, T.

doi:10.1021/ie00027a030

Cited by 54 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The retardation effect of higher alkalinity on the reactivity of resol resin was also observed in earlier reports, in which the gel time of the resin increased with a higher NaOH/phenol molar ratio. 29,35 This could be explained by the formation of intermolecular chelate structures that contain the hydroxyl group of the phenolic ring, a Na + ion, and a hydroxyl group of ortho-methylol, which probably retard or hinder the condensation reactions of orthomethylol substituents. 35 The DSC curves of the resins (S35, S45, S65, S73, S100, S120, S130, S150, S185, S205, and S230) are shown in Figure 5.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Physical Changes in Phenol−Formaldehyde Resol Resin, as a Function of the Degree of Condensation of the Resol Solution

Monni

Alvila

Pakkanen

2007

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The structural and physical differences of phenol-formaldehyde resol resins collected during a resin synthesis were studied, as a function of the degree of condensation of the resin. The structural and physical properties of the resins were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, viscosity and refractive index measurements, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solids content analyses, and contact angle determinations on wood veneer. As a result of the condensation reactions, the amount of methylol groups and free reactive sites of phenolic species decreased, while the amount of methylene bridges increased, as a function of the degree of condensation. The changes in the resin structure resulted in an increase in the viscosity, refractive index, and average molar masses, and a decrease in reactivity, with increasing degrees of condensation. The wetting of the surface of the wood veneer was reduced as the viscosity and average molar masses of the resin solution each increased.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Physical Changes in Phenol−Formaldehyde Resol Resin, as a Function of the Degree of Condensation of the Resol Solution

Monni

Alvila

Pakkanen

2007

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…The 13 C NMR spectrum of resin S1 cured at 80 C was measured in the liquid state because the sample was still soluble in DMSO-d 6 . The main focus of the 13 C NMR studies was to determine the relative amounts of the methylene bridge and methylol group structures, which denote the extent of cure (degree of crosslinking) in the resins.…”

Section: Online Monitoring Of Curing Of Phenol-formaldehyde Resol Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The curing of the resin advances in the liquid state until the resin reaches the gel point, where molar mass and viscosity of the resin tend to infinity. The result is an insoluble polymer network [1,2,6,7]. The totally crosslinked resol resins are hard, insoluble, infusible, and three-dimensional polymer networks, which provide good moisture-and heat-resistance properties [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Online monitoring of synthesis and curing of phenol–formaldehyde resol resins by Raman spectroscopy

Monni

Niemelä

Alvila

et al. 2008

Polymer

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“…A large number of resins with dramatically different properties are possible, depending on the type of phenol used, formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio, type and amount of catalyst and/or hardener used, and the total reaction time. PF resole resins have been studied extensively in relation to formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio5, 6; catalyst to phenol ratio7, 8; reaction temperature, time, and pH 9, 10. Marie et al7 studied various resole model compounds by IR and applied the results on industrial‐grade resole resin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eucalyptus bark lignin substituted phenol formaldehyde adhesives: A study on optimization of reaction parameters and characterization

Khan

Ashraf

Malhotra³

2004

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The major adhesive resin worldwide used in the manufacture of plywood is phenol formaldehyde resole (PF) resin. The raw material for this kind of adhesive is derived from petroleum oil. Because of rising prices of crude oil and the scarcity of petroleum products, their replacement by natural resource-based raw material has become a necessity. In the present work, the possibility of replacing phenol in PF resin with lignin was explored. The parameters for preparation of bark lignin substituted PF (LPF) adhesive, such as lignin concentration, formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature, were optimized. It was found that up to 50 wt % of phenol can be substituted by lignin to give an LPF adhesive with better bonding strength compared to that of control PF resin. Prepared resins were characterized using IR, DSC, and TGA. IR spectra of LPF adhesive showed structural similarity with that of PF adhesives. Thermal stability of LPF adhesive was found to be lower compared to that of control PF (CPF) adhesive. DSC studies revealed a lower curing temperature for LPF resin than that for CPF resin. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3514 -3523, 2004

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Characterizations of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resol Resins

Cited by 54 publications

References 7 publications

Structural and Physical Changes in Phenol−Formaldehyde Resol Resin, as a Function of the Degree of Condensation of the Resol Solution

Structural and Physical Changes in Phenol−Formaldehyde Resol Resin, as a Function of the Degree of Condensation of the Resol Solution

Online monitoring of synthesis and curing of phenol–formaldehyde resol resins by Raman spectroscopy

Eucalyptus bark lignin substituted phenol formaldehyde adhesives: A study on optimization of reaction parameters and characterization

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