Characterizing changes of dissolved organic matter composition with the use of distinct feeds in recirculating aquaculture systems via high-resolution mass spectrometry
“…Humic-like components were previously found to accumulate in the culture water derived from fish faeces, uneaten feed, and fish blood (Leonard et al 2002 ; Nimptsch et al 2015 ; Yamin et al 2017 ), which is consistently with our results. In particular, although the organic substances released from fish feed and faeces can increase microbial activity, the leaching of the dissolved organic nitrogen fraction results in an increased concentration in the culture water (Aguilar-Alarcón et al 2020 ; Burford and Williams 2001 ). Fig.…”
In Jeju Island, multiple land-based aquafarms were fully operational along most coastal region. However, the effect of effluent on distribution and behaviours of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the coastal water are still unknown. To decipher characteristics of organic pollution, we compared physicochemical parameters with spectral optical properties near the coastal aquafarms in Jeju Island. Absorption spectra were measured to calculate the absorption coefficient, spectral slope coefficient, and specific UV absorbance. Fluorescent DOM was analysed using fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) were measured using high-temperature catalytic oxidation. The DOC concentration near the discharge outlet was twice higher than that in natural groundwater, and the TDN concentration exponentially increased close to the outlet. These distribution patterns indicate that aquafarms are a significant source of DOM. Herein, principal component analysis was applied to categorise the DOM origins. There were two distinct groups, namely, aquaculture activity for TDN with humic-like and high molecular weights DOM (PC1: 48.1%) and natural biological activity in the coastal water for DOC enrichment and protein-like DOM (PC2: 18.8%). We conclude that the aquafarms significantly discharge organic nitrogen pollutants and provoke in situ production of organic carbon. Furthermore, these findings indicate the potential of optical techniques for the efficient monitoring of anthropogenic organic pollutants from aquafarms worldwide.
“…Humic-like components were previously found to accumulate in the culture water derived from fish faeces, uneaten feed, and fish blood (Leonard et al 2002 ; Nimptsch et al 2015 ; Yamin et al 2017 ), which is consistently with our results. In particular, although the organic substances released from fish feed and faeces can increase microbial activity, the leaching of the dissolved organic nitrogen fraction results in an increased concentration in the culture water (Aguilar-Alarcón et al 2020 ; Burford and Williams 2001 ). Fig.…”
In Jeju Island, multiple land-based aquafarms were fully operational along most coastal region. However, the effect of effluent on distribution and behaviours of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the coastal water are still unknown. To decipher characteristics of organic pollution, we compared physicochemical parameters with spectral optical properties near the coastal aquafarms in Jeju Island. Absorption spectra were measured to calculate the absorption coefficient, spectral slope coefficient, and specific UV absorbance. Fluorescent DOM was analysed using fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) were measured using high-temperature catalytic oxidation. The DOC concentration near the discharge outlet was twice higher than that in natural groundwater, and the TDN concentration exponentially increased close to the outlet. These distribution patterns indicate that aquafarms are a significant source of DOM. Herein, principal component analysis was applied to categorise the DOM origins. There were two distinct groups, namely, aquaculture activity for TDN with humic-like and high molecular weights DOM (PC1: 48.1%) and natural biological activity in the coastal water for DOC enrichment and protein-like DOM (PC2: 18.8%). We conclude that the aquafarms significantly discharge organic nitrogen pollutants and provoke in situ production of organic carbon. Furthermore, these findings indicate the potential of optical techniques for the efficient monitoring of anthropogenic organic pollutants from aquafarms worldwide.
“…Toluene, dichloromethane (DCM), methanol, water, acetone, hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate of HPLC grade were purchased from VWR Chemicals (Oslo, Norway). Glass microfiber filters (Whatman, 0.7 µm pore size, 47 mm diameter; Sigma–Aldrich; Steinheim, Germany) were purchased and combusted at 450 °C for 4 h to generate a pore size filter of <0.45 µm [ 13 ] for obtaining the particulates from the water samples. Polypropylene tubes (50 mL) were purchased from VWR (Oslo, Norway).…”
Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) protocols tailored to either gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode-array and fluorescence detection (HPLC-DAD-FLD) were developed for the determination of EPA 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the particulate and dissolved phase of road-tunnel wash water. An analytical approach was developed, assessed, and applied on environmental samples collected from five road tunnels in Norway. The absolute recoveries ranged from 57 to 104% for the particulates, and from 42 to 79% for the dissolved water phase. The target PAH compounds were separated in 34.75 min using the GC method and in 22.50 min by HPLC. In the particulate phases, higher molecular weight PAHs were detected in the range of 0.043 to 0.93 µg/g, and lower molecular weight PAHs were detected in the range of 0.020 to 1.0 µg/g, while the intermediate ones were present in the range of 0.075 to 2.0 µg/g. In contrast to the particulates, the dissolved phase mainly contained lower molecular weight PAHs in the range of 0.0098 to 0.50 µg/L. GC-MS demonstrated lower detection limits (LODs) than HPLC-DAD-FLD for 13 out of the 16 PAHs. A cross-array comparison of the two analytical techniques indicated that some target PAHs were detected solely or in higher concentrations with HPLC-DAD-FLD, indicating the occurrence of false positive peaks or/and co-eluting components. The resulting concentrations in the road tunnel wash water samples were used to calculate specific PAH forensic ratios to pinpoint the potential sources of PAH pollution. These ratios revealed that there are several potential sources for the origin of PAHs in tunnel wash water.
“…It has also been reported that disinfection with ozone leads to the formation of nutrients in the presence of organic matter, stimulating the growth of bacteria (Clark et al, 1994). The aquaculture wastewater also contains organic matter (Aguilar-Alarcón et al, 2020), aiding the growth of pathogenic Vibrio species (Moriarty, 1997). As ferrate is a potent oxidizing agent, it can oxidize organic matter in wastewater (Eng et al, 2006;Sharma and Mishra, 2006;…”
Section: Data Availability: Not Applicablementioning
Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the disinfection performance of barium ferrate towards Vibrio species isolated from aquaculture wastewater and comparison with potassium ferrate via molecular docking study. Methodology: The experiments were conducted on Vibrio species isolated from aquaculture wastewater. The barium ferrate dose as Fe(VI) for the treatment ranged from 3.68 to 22.08 mg l-1, respectively. The contact time for the experiment varied from 10 to 60 min. The disinfection performance was calculated by the plate count method. The experimental study was also modeled with density functional theory (DFT) studies. Results: Barium ferrate showed effective disinfection against Vibrio species. A dose of 18.4 mg l-1 Fe(VI) was sufficient for complete disinfection of Vibrio species in 50 min. The initial plate count of 33000 per 100 ml was determined by the CFU method decreased to 0 per 100 ml. The docking study revealed that the binding energy for the interaction of barium ferrate with the Vibrio cholera bacterial protein was-49.71 kcal mol-1. Interpretation: Barium ferrate, a green chemical, thoroughly disinfects Vibrio species without producing harmful by-products, making barium ferrate a suitable disinfectant for aquaculture wastewater treatment. Key words: Barium ferrate, Density Functional Theory, Molecular docking, Vibrio species, Wastewater disinfectant.
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