Characterizing Facial Skin Ageing in Humans: Disentangling Extrinsic from Intrinsic Biological Phenomena

Abstract

Facial skin ageing is caused by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Intrinsic ageing is highly related to chronological age. Age related skin changes can be measured using clinical and biophysical methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether and how clinical characteristics and biophysical parameters are associated with each other with and without adjustment for chronological age. Twenty-four female subjects of three age groups were enrolled. Clinical assessments (global facial skin ageing, wrinkling, and sagging), and biophysical measurements (roughness, colour, skin elasticity, and barrier function) were conducted at both upper cheeks. Pearson's correlations and linear regression models adjusted for age were calculated. Most of the measured parameters were correlated with chronological age (e.g., association with wrinkle score, r = 0.901) and with each other (e.g., residual skin deformation and wrinkle score, r = 0.606). After statistical adjustment for age, only few associations remained (e.g., mean roughness (R z) and luminance (L *), β = −0.507, R 2 = 0.377). Chronological age as surrogate marker for intrinsic ageing has the most important influence on most facial skin ageing signs. Changes in skin elasticity, wrinkling, sagging, and yellowness seem to be caused by additional extrinsic ageing.

Forearm skin aging: characterization by instrumental measurements

“…There are several studies evaluating the differences between photoageing and intrinsic ageing, but not always using the four non‐invasive assessment tools used here: Corneometer, Cutometer, Visioscan and DermaScan. Some studies have made this comparison, but not between the forearms faces as in this study . This is a pilot study as there is none with this type of comparison in the searched literature.…”

“…These measurements showed no differences in sun-exposed and photoprotected faces, indicating that the loss of skin elasticity occurs by both mechanisms, that is intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, in a study of the facial skin, including women aged from 30 to 80 years, it was observed a reduction in the elastic recovery after deformation, indicating the influence of environmental factors on exposed skin [33]. The skin surface analysis showed an interaction between roughness and scaling, and as one increases, the other also increases.…”

Periorbital Hyperpigmentation, a Dermatologic Condition Having a Strong Geographic and Ethnic Determinism

“…Transparency and atrophy of eyelid. Osteoporosis, (zygomatic) bone retraction, stuffy aspect of orbits [13,26].…”

Preliminary randomized controlled trial of antiaging effects of l‐ascorbic acid applied in combination with no‐needle and microneedle mesotherapy

“…Aging is characterized by the decreased activity of cells, deterioration of their ability to perform physiological functions, and reduction in regeneration properties. It is also manifested by a weaker immune system function and response to oxidative stress resulting in immunosuppressive and mutagenic effects …”

“…It is also manifested by a weaker immune system function and response to oxidative stress resulting in immunosuppressive and mutagenic effects. 1,2 Ascorbic acid in the form of powder is stable and can be stored for several years. On the other hand, when dissolved in water, it becomes very sensitive to external factors (temperature, light, oxygen, water environment, and alkaline pH) and easily decomposes losing its valuable properties.…”