Characterizing proteomic and transcriptomic features of missense variants in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genes

Abstract

Background: Within recent years, there has been a growing number of genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), resulting in an increasing number of novel variants, particularly missense variants, many of which are of unknown clinical significance. Here, we leverage the sequencing efforts of the ALS Knowledge Portal (3,864 individuals with ALS and 7,839 controls) and Project MinE ALS Sequencing Consortium (4,366 individuals with ALS and 1,832 controls) to perform proteomic and transcriptomic characterization of missense variants in 24 ALS-associated genes. Results: Using predicted human protein structures from AlphaFold, we determined that missense variants carried by individuals with ALS were significantly enriched in β-sheets and α-helices, as well as in core, buried, or moderately buried regions. At the same time, we identified that hydrophobic amino acid residues, compositionally biased protein regions and protein-protein interaction regions are predominantly enriched in missense variants carried by individuals with ALS. Assessment of expression level based on transcriptomics also revealed enrichment of variants of high and medium expression across all tissues and within the brain. We further explored enriched features of interest using burden analyses to determine whether individual genes were driving the enrichment signal. A case study is presented forSOD1to demonstrate proof of concept of how enriched features may aid in defining variant pathogenicity. Conclusions: Our results present proteomic and transcriptomic features that are important indicators of missense variant pathogenicity in ALS and are distinct from features associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.

The oligogenic structure of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has genetic testing, counselling, and therapeutic implications

“…Twenty-six genes previously associated with ALS in the literature were selected for the analysis, as previously described 33 , and are hereafter referred to as known ALS genes ( Supplemental Table 1 ). Only genes with at least two publications reporting rare coding variants in individuals with ALS were included.…”

“…Fox Foundation, and the Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital. 33 . Abbreviations: AD, autosomal dominant; AR, autosomal recessive; RVA, rare variant association; SNVs, single nucleotides variants; X-LD, Xlinked dominant.…”