“…We observe a stereotyped, electrically-evoked spiking activity pattern -a brief excitation followed by 125.0±5.5 ms of inhibition -in local cortical neurons regardless of stimulation depth (superficial vs. deep), area (MO vs. SS), or behavioral state (quiet and active wakefulness, i.e., running, anesthetized). This pattern has been previously reported in different species (Butovas et al, 2006;Butovas & Schwarz, 2003;Chung & Ferster, 1998;Contreras & Steriade, 1995;Douglas & Martin, 1991;Grenier et al, 1998;Hao et al, 2016;Kara et al, 2002;Logothetis et al, 2010;Sombeck et al, 2022;Vyazovskiy et al, 2013) and is reminiscent of the bi-stability reported in deep sleep and in unconscious patients following a brief stimulation (Hill & Tononi, 2005;Pigorini et al, 2015;Rosanova et al, 2018;Timofeev et al, 2001;Usami et al, 2015). Other studies also described rebound excitation at similar latencies following stimulationevoked inhibitory periods (Butovas et al, 2006;Butovas & Schwarz, 2003;Grenier et al, 1998).…”