Charge-transfer interaction between antihistamine antiallergic drugs, diphenhydramine, fexofenadine, cetirizine and two π-acceptors in pharmaceutical forms
Abstract:Two simple and sensitive spectrophotometric techniques have been proposed for the estimation of antihistamine drugs, diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH), fexofenadine hydrochloride (FXO) and cetirizine dihydrochloride (CTZ) in pure forms and in their pharmaceutical forms via charge-transfer complex formation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) reagents. Spectrophotometric methods involve the addition a known excess of DDQ or TCNQ reagents to DPH, FXO… Show more
“…BP 8 stated non-aqueous potentiometric titration with sodium hydroxide, whilst USP 10 described high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure for CTZ estimation. Various analytical techniques have been developed for the determination of CTZ either in pharmaceutical preparations, human plasma or aqueous humor as HPLC 11 – 16 , capillary electrophoresis 17 , 18 , spectrofluorimetry 19 – 23 and spectrophotometry 24 , 25 . Figure 1 Chemical structure of ( a ) cetirizine and ( b ) azelastine.…”
A new analytical quality by design-assisted HPLC–UV approach is presented, for the first time, for the concurrent determination of cetirizine (CTZ) and azelastine (AZE) in raw materials, commercial eye drops and aqueous humor. The two drugs are co-administered as eye drops in severe ocular allergies. A 23 full factorial design was adopted for the chromatographic optimization to ensure the best analytical performance and reliability, as well as to save time, effort and solvent consumption. The parameters, including pH, acetonitrile ratio, and flow rate, were selected as independent factors. The responses analyzed were resolution and tailing of peaks. The separation was achieved through isocratic elution on C8 column with mobile phase made up of acetonitrile: 0.3% triethylamine of pH 5 (60:40 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1 and detection at 216 nm. The elution time was less than 6 min. The approach was fully validated in accordance with International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Good linearity was achieved over the concentration ranges of 1.0–30 and 0.5–10 µg mL−1 with limits of detection of 0.310 and 0.158 µg mL−1 and limits of quantification of 0.940 and 0.479 µg mL−1 for CTZ and AZE, respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.9998. The intra- and inter-day precisions were lower than 2%. The good sensitivity of the approach permits the analysis of CTZ and AZE in spiked aqueous humor with mean percentage recoveries of 100.93 ± 1.42 and 100.11 ± 1.55, respectively. The statistical comparison between results of the developed method and the comparison method revealed no differences, indicating the accuracy of the method.
“…BP 8 stated non-aqueous potentiometric titration with sodium hydroxide, whilst USP 10 described high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure for CTZ estimation. Various analytical techniques have been developed for the determination of CTZ either in pharmaceutical preparations, human plasma or aqueous humor as HPLC 11 – 16 , capillary electrophoresis 17 , 18 , spectrofluorimetry 19 – 23 and spectrophotometry 24 , 25 . Figure 1 Chemical structure of ( a ) cetirizine and ( b ) azelastine.…”
A new analytical quality by design-assisted HPLC–UV approach is presented, for the first time, for the concurrent determination of cetirizine (CTZ) and azelastine (AZE) in raw materials, commercial eye drops and aqueous humor. The two drugs are co-administered as eye drops in severe ocular allergies. A 23 full factorial design was adopted for the chromatographic optimization to ensure the best analytical performance and reliability, as well as to save time, effort and solvent consumption. The parameters, including pH, acetonitrile ratio, and flow rate, were selected as independent factors. The responses analyzed were resolution and tailing of peaks. The separation was achieved through isocratic elution on C8 column with mobile phase made up of acetonitrile: 0.3% triethylamine of pH 5 (60:40 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1 and detection at 216 nm. The elution time was less than 6 min. The approach was fully validated in accordance with International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Good linearity was achieved over the concentration ranges of 1.0–30 and 0.5–10 µg mL−1 with limits of detection of 0.310 and 0.158 µg mL−1 and limits of quantification of 0.940 and 0.479 µg mL−1 for CTZ and AZE, respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.9998. The intra- and inter-day precisions were lower than 2%. The good sensitivity of the approach permits the analysis of CTZ and AZE in spiked aqueous humor with mean percentage recoveries of 100.93 ± 1.42 and 100.11 ± 1.55, respectively. The statistical comparison between results of the developed method and the comparison method revealed no differences, indicating the accuracy of the method.
“…As per the approval strategy dependent on the standard expansion procedure the recuperations were 97.5-102.7% of the medication and the RSD esteems were 0.11-2.20% (n = 6) [60]. Based on the charge transfer reaction of the cited medicates, as n-electron donor, with DDQ and TCNQ, as π-acceptors 460-840 nm Charge-transfer interaction between antihistamine antiallergic drugs, diphenhydramine, fexofenadine, cetirizine and two π-acceptors in pharmaceutical forms [83] Simultaneous equation 220 and 247 nm Estimation of fexofenadine hcl and pseudoephedrine hcl by spectrophotometer and TLC in combined tablet dosage form [80] Based on determination of residual oxidant b 615 nm. New Method for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride.…”
In this review article, we will introduce all reported methods that have been developed for determination of certain anti-tussive and anti-histaminic drugs such as salbutamol, ambroxol and fexofenadine in their pure form, combined form with other drugs, combined form with degradation products, and in biological samples. We also will shed the light on the most important combination of drugs that are used for treatment of asthma and related diseases.
“…BP [ 5 ] recommended non aqueous potentiometric titration using sodium hydroxide while USP [ 7 ] stated HPLC for CTZ assay. There are several documented methods for its assay either in dosage form or human plasma as HPLC [ 8 – 12 ], capillary electrophoresis [ 13 , 14 ], spectrofluorimetry [ 15 – 18 ] and spectrophotometry [ 19 , 20 ]. Fig.…”
A green, simple, quick and economical method is implemented for the first time for the simultaneous estimation of cetirizine (CTZ) and azelastine (AZE) as co-administered eye drops. The method relies on synchronous spectrofluorimetry with ∆λ = 60 nm. Cetirizine can be estimated at 231 nm and AZE can be measured at 294 nm, each at the other’s zero crossing point. All factors affecting the method were studied and properly optimized. Good correlation was obtained in the range of 0.1–2 µg mL−1 for both drugs. The limits of detection were 0.014 and 0.010 µg mL−1 and limits of quantitation were 0.043 and 0.029 µg mL−1 for CTZ and AZE, respectively. Moreover, ICH guidelines were carried out to validate the adopted method. The method was suitable for the analysis of CTZ and AZE in synthetic mixtures, eye drops and aqueous humor. The mean percentage of recoveries of CTZ and AZE in spiked aqueous humor were 99.83 and 99.37, respectively. Furthermore, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and analytical Eco-scale approaches were used to evaluate the greenness of the suggested method.
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