“…These interface charges play a dominate role in the performance of the insulation system. [16,21] For example, interface charges at the oil/paper, [22][23][24][25][26][27] and cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)/ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) structure, [6,8,28] cause the electric field enhancement, indicating the degradation of the power transformers and cables in high voltage direct current (HVDC) power applications. [16,29,30] Electrode/polymer interfaces exhibit charge injection, extraction [31,32] and electroluminescence, [33,34] leading to undesired electric field changes and discharge.…”