“…New techniques for polymerization and novel methods of characterization and analytical tools have been developed to meet the challenge to make polymers with absolutely uniform length with control on polymer stereochemistry and co-polymers with precisely determined sequences and to provide control of both topology and molecular geometry. Novel anionic and cationic polymerizations [54], ring-opening polymerization [55,56], atom-transfer polymerization (ATRP) (see Scheme 1) [57], reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization [58], nitroxyl-radical-mediated polymerization [59,60], 'click' chemistry [61], etc., could be used to make predictable polymer backbone structures. The introduction of novel polymer topologies made from bio-polymers and synthetic polymers, the potential of macromolecules to form supramolecular assemblies with unique properties, the use of supercritical fluids, high-pressure or catalytic processes with specially designed carriers, etc., have contributed immensely for the bio-inspired synthesis of novel synthetic bio-polymers of sophisticated properties [62,63] Polymers with uniform structures are characterized by a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD).…”