Charging operation with high energy efficiency for electric vehicle valve-regulated lead–acid battery system

Performance investigation and analysis of market-oriented low-speed electric vehicles in China

“…The specific energy of the LAB is approximately 35 Wh/kg (Gerssen-Gondelach and Faaij, 2012), less than half of the specific energy of the lithium-ion polymer battery used in this study. Third, in terms of effective energy use, the efficiency of the LAB is 80% (Ikeya et al, 2000), which is lower than the tested result of the lithium-ion polymer, which is above 90%. Finally, the cycle life and the performance recession also affect the cost performance of an LSEV.…”

“…Finally, the cycle life and the performance recession also affect the cost performance of an LSEV. The typical life cycles of LAB and lithium-ion batteries are between 400 and 1000, respectively (Ikeya et al, 2000;Wang et al, 2013). Fig.…”

Tunable Free‐Standing Ultrathin Porous Nickel Film for High Performance Flexible Nickel–Metal Hydride Batteries

“…These high energy efficiencies establish that these cells can outperform conventional NiMH batteries and other commercial batteries. [37,[42][43][44][45] The maximum gravimetric energy density of the cell was calculated to be 151.8 W h kg −1 at a power density of 19.2 W kg −1 (Figure 5c). Additionally, at a power density of 2 kW kg −1 , a high energy density of 73.5 W h kg −1 can still be obtained.…”

Electronic integration of fuel cell and battery system in novel hybrid vehicle

“…This led to one of the inefficiencies encountered due to the difference in charging and discharging voltages in order to use the capacity rated by current and time. A typical 24 cell lead-acid battery (48 V nominal) charges at 50e60 V and discharges at 40e52 V; typical energy efficiency stands at 74% with an example optimised system achieving 83% on average [16]. Lithium battery technology however has a much reduced voltage range between charge and discharge and therefore a much improved efficiency.…”