Abstract:An ongoing pandemic Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by a newly emerged Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has affected millions of people globally. One of the most crucial structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 is the Spike glycoprotein (S-glycoprotein), for which the first
de novo
modelling was envisaged by our group in early 2020, and was superimposed to its predecessor SARS-CoV S-glycoprotein, to determine structural divergence, glycosylation and antigenic variation between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS… Show more
“…There is currently no virus‐specific information available to estimate if monoclonal antibody therapy will be successful against the Omicron strain. The Omicron variant is likely to be susceptible to some monoclonal antibody treatments, while others may be non‐successful, based on data from other variants with far fewer mutations in the RBD 26 …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Omicron variant is likely to be susceptible to some monoclonal antibody treatments, while others may be nonsuccessful, based on data from other variants with far fewer mutations in the RBD. 26…”
Section: Immunity Against Omicron After Covid-19 Vaccinationmentioning
As the latest identified novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) variant of concern (VOC), the influence of Omicron on our globe grows promptly. Compared with the last VOC (Delta variant), more mutations were identified, which may address the characteristics of Omicron. Considering these crucial mutations and their implications including an increase in transmissibility, COVID‐19 severity, and reduction of efficacy of currently available diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics, Omicron has been classified as one of the VOC. Notably, 15 of these mutations reside in the receptor‐binding domain of spike glycoprotein, which may alter transmissibility, infectivity, neutralizing antibody escape, and vaccine breakthrough cases of COVID‐19. Therefore, our present study characterizes the mutational hotspots of the Omicron variant in comparison with the Delta variant of SARS‐CoV‐2. Furthermore, detailed information was analyzed to characterize the global perspective of Omicron, including transmission dynamic, effect on testing, and immunity, which shall promote the progress of the clinical application and basic research. Collectively, our data suggest that due to continuous variation in the spike glycoprotein sequences, the use of coronavirus‐specific attachment inhibitors may not be the current choice of therapy for emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 VOCs. Hence, we need to proceed with a sense of urgency in this matter.
“…There is currently no virus‐specific information available to estimate if monoclonal antibody therapy will be successful against the Omicron strain. The Omicron variant is likely to be susceptible to some monoclonal antibody treatments, while others may be non‐successful, based on data from other variants with far fewer mutations in the RBD 26 …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Omicron variant is likely to be susceptible to some monoclonal antibody treatments, while others may be nonsuccessful, based on data from other variants with far fewer mutations in the RBD. 26…”
Section: Immunity Against Omicron After Covid-19 Vaccinationmentioning
As the latest identified novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) variant of concern (VOC), the influence of Omicron on our globe grows promptly. Compared with the last VOC (Delta variant), more mutations were identified, which may address the characteristics of Omicron. Considering these crucial mutations and their implications including an increase in transmissibility, COVID‐19 severity, and reduction of efficacy of currently available diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics, Omicron has been classified as one of the VOC. Notably, 15 of these mutations reside in the receptor‐binding domain of spike glycoprotein, which may alter transmissibility, infectivity, neutralizing antibody escape, and vaccine breakthrough cases of COVID‐19. Therefore, our present study characterizes the mutational hotspots of the Omicron variant in comparison with the Delta variant of SARS‐CoV‐2. Furthermore, detailed information was analyzed to characterize the global perspective of Omicron, including transmission dynamic, effect on testing, and immunity, which shall promote the progress of the clinical application and basic research. Collectively, our data suggest that due to continuous variation in the spike glycoprotein sequences, the use of coronavirus‐specific attachment inhibitors may not be the current choice of therapy for emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 VOCs. Hence, we need to proceed with a sense of urgency in this matter.
“…The inserted gene was added with ATG as a start codon, encoding the amino acid methionine. The addition of features to vaccine constructs, such as the gene encoding the enzyme glutathione S transferase (GST), which can increase the expression and solubility of antigens, 12 and genes encoding proteins NSP 1–4, which are essential in replication, 13 , 14 conferred added value on the recombinant protein. Figure 2 …”
“…There are three primary routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission: droplets, aerosol, and contact (Adhikari et al, 2020;Kabir et al, 2020;Qian et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020a). Cell and tissue tropism determines the host restriction (Lee et al, 2020;Saxena et al, 2020). Similar to SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds to ACE2, even with a 10-20fold higher affinity (Jin et al, 2020).…”
Section: Route Of Entry and Neuroinvasive Mechanisms Of Sars-cov-2 And Rna Virusesmentioning
Since December 2019, humankind has been experiencing a ravaging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, the second coronavirus pandemic in a decade after the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) disease in 2012. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is responsible for over 3.1 million deaths worldwide. With the emergence of a second and a third wave of infection across the globe, and the rising record of multiple reinfections and relapses, SARS-CoV-2 infection shows no sign of abating. In addition, it is now evident that SARS-CoV-2 infection presents with neurological symptoms that include early hyposmia, ischemic stroke, meningitis, delirium and falls, even after viral clearance. This may suggest chronic or permanent changes to the neurons, glial cells, and/or brain vasculature in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19. Within the central nervous system (CNS), microglia act as the central housekeepers against altered homeostatic states, including during viral neurotropic infections. In this review, we highlight microglial responses to viral neuroinfections, especially those with a similar genetic composition and route of entry as SARS-CoV-2. As the primary sensor of viral infection in the CNS, we describe the pathogenic and neuroinvasive mechanisms of RNA viruses and SARS-CoV-2 vis-à-vis the microglial means of viral recognition. Responses of microglia which may culminate in viral clearance or immunopathology are also covered. Lastly, we further discuss the implication of SARS-CoV-2 CNS invasion on microglial plasticity and associated long-term neurodegeneration. As such, this review provides insight into some of the mechanisms by which microglia could contribute to the pathophysiology of post-COVID-19 neurological sequelae and disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, which could be pervasive in the coming years given the growing numbers of infected and re-infected individuals globally.
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