Cheating to win or not to lose: Power and situational framing affect unethical behavior

Abstract

Power has long been associated with corruption, yet most evidence has been linked to abuses for gains (money, resources, sex). In this article, we propose a conceptual framework that considers unethical conduct to obtain gains and to avoid losses.Following the situated focus theory of power (Guinote, 2007), we propose that power flexibly orients individuals' cognitions and efforts in line with active goals.Under a gains frame, compared to the powerless, the powerful should be more motivated to obtain gains and cheat more, in order to protect these gains. Under a loss frame, the powerful should experience a temporary activation of loss aversion goals, while the powerless should experience a chronic activation of loss aversion goals.Consequently, power differences in corruption levels should only occur for gains and not when losses are at stake. The effects of power and frame were demonstrated in one study (N = 321). The findings provided initial evidence supporting the notion that an understanding of the effects of power on corruption necessitates a consideration of contextual framing.

Psychological constraint on unethical behavior in team-based competition

“…Both competition loss and relative deprivation are forms of goal failure that may lead to heightened motive to restore advantages among those who are falling behind ( Locke and Latham, 1990 ). These individuals tend to place greater significance on competition outcomes, leading to eager styles of goal pursuit ( Kilduff, 2014 ; Converse and Reinhard, 2016 ; Kilduff and Galinsky, 2017 ) and unethical acts aiming at outperforming their opponents ( Kilduff et al, 2016 ; Kim and Guinote, 2021 ). Thus our finding is consistent with goal-induced unethical behavior observed in prior studies ( Schweitzer et al, 2004 ; Ordóñez et al, 2009 ; Welsh and Ordóñez, 2014 ).…”