Chebulagic acid Chebulinic acid and Gallic acid, the active principles of Triphala, inhibit TNFα induced pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory activities in retinal capillary endothelial cells by inhibiting p38, ERK and NFkB phosphorylation

Multidirectional Pharma-Toxicological Study on Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meisn.: An IBD-Focused Investigation

“…Previously, Fiebich and colleagues [30] suggested that the anti-inflammatory H. procumbens activity could occur via the inhibition of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, without any involvement of NFκB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Nevertheless, the total phenolic and flavonoid content found in the extract could account for a possible involvement of both NFκB and MAPK pathways [27,29,31]. In this regard, our finding of reduced NFκB gene expression following extract treatment further supports the modulatory effect on multiple pathways controlling oxidative stress and inflammatory response.…”

“…Collectively, besides being in agreement with our previous study [8], the actual results suggest that the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects could not only be ascribed to the sole extract harpagoside content, but, albeit in part, to the other identified secondary metabolites. Particularly, the presence of gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and resveratrol is consistent with the reduced levels of the selected pro-oxidant/pro-inflammatory biomarkers [27][28][29]. Previously, Fiebich and colleagues [30] suggested that the anti-inflammatory H. procumbens activity could occur via the inhibition of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, without any involvement of NFκB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways.…”

Chebulinic acid inhibits MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer metastasis and promotes cell death through down regulation of SOD1 and induction of autophagy

“…Chebulinic acid (CA), a hydrolysable polyphenol is abundantly present in many traditional medicinal plants, such as Phyllanthus emblica , Terminalia arborea , and Terminalia chebula (Yi, Liu, Li, & Wang, 2009). CA is also present in diverse plant foods that have historically been used in traditional eastern medicine in the form of various preparations, particularly in the traditional Indian system of medicine as “triphala,” a powdered preparation of dried fruit of three plants of which CA is a major constituent (Shanmuganathan and Angayarkanni, 2018). Purified forms of CA potently inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo (Shi, Sahu, & Srivastava, 2008) and was demonstrated to impart its cytotoxic functions through induction of DNA damage and inhibition of DNA gyrase activity (Kar and Chattopadhyaya, 2016; Khan et al, 2018; Saleem, Husheem, Harkonen, & Pihlaja, 2002).…”

“…Purified forms of CA potently inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo (Shi, Sahu, & Srivastava, 2008) and was demonstrated to impart its cytotoxic functions through induction of DNA damage and inhibition of DNA gyrase activity (Kar and Chattopadhyaya, 2016; Khan et al, 2018; Saleem, Husheem, Harkonen, & Pihlaja, 2002). CA and its close relative chebulagic acid have also been reported to have antiangiogenic effects and can counteract TNF‐alpha and VEGF mediated‐angiogenic activity (Lu et al, 2012; Shanmuganathan and Angayarkanni, 2018). Additionally, CA also displays anti‐migration activity inhibiting smooth muscle cell migration (Song, Jeong, Park, Shim, & Jang, 2017).…”

Molecular design, synthesis and biological characterization of novel Resveratrol derivative as potential anticancer agent targeting NF-κB

“…Many medicinal plants are known to have unique anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and growth-modulatory effects on the cancer cells (Shanmuganathan and Angayarkanni, 2018). Among them, RESV, a natural phenol compound (3,5,4'-trihydroxytrans-stilbene) with the stilbenoid chemical structure (Pangeni et al, 2014) is produced by plants against physical stress or pathogenic infections, as part of their natural defense mechanism.…”