The video of George Floyd's murder by police officers in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on 25 May 2020 triggered protests in all fifty states and dozens of countries. Floyd was far from the first African American man suspected in a minor offense whose brutal treatment drew worldwide attention. But this incident resonated and reverberated like no other. The principal aggressor, Derek Chauvin, stone-faced with his hand in his pocket, knelt on Floyd's neck for nearly nine minutes, ignoring the desperate pleas for mercy from Floyd and several bystanders (and hushed exhortations from two of the three other police officers present). This vivid display of police resolve, nonchalance, and solidarity in the face of earnest and righteous opposition became a powerful symbol almost immediately. For many African Americans, the incident represented enduring discrimination and neglect in various domains that had proven largely unresponsive to reform, even in putatively liberal cities such as Minneapolis. The incident was also a grim reminder that outcries following earlier episodes of flagrantly excessive force (as in the cases of Eric Garner, Tamir Rice, and Philando Castile) and the ensuing reforms designed to promote transparency and restraint (body cameras, de-escalation training) had not reduced the lethality of U.S. policing: There were 1,089 killings by police in 2013-the year before the national outcry-and 1,140 and 1,099 in 2018 and 2019, respectively. 1 Other established democracies have their own problems with policing, but frequent deadly police encounters are not among them. 2 The massive protests that followed Floyd's murder were largely peaceful and drew bipartisan support yet met violent police repression. This bolstered the perception of U.S. police forces as impervious to conventional democratic levers of reform. Although many police officers and officials offered poignant gestures of sympathy and solidarity, these