Chemical and in vitro toxicity analysis of a supercritical fluid extract of Kava kava (Piper methysticum)

Petersen, Greg; Tang, Yijin; Fields, Christine

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.032

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…So far, many new techniques were also developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of kava. However, more efficient and effective analytical methods are needed to determine the content of bioactive constituents and other unknown compounds on kava quality assessment due to the safety concerns of hepatotoxicity and other adverse effects [ 93 , 94 ]. In summary, the possible pathogenic factors leading to the occurrence of kava hepatotoxicity were as follows: (1) the quality of kava raw material might be the major factor [ 61 ]; (2) concomitant ingestion of other drugs with potential hepatotoxicity [ 9 ]; and (3) had the other unknown toxic components deriving from different kava extracts [ 11 ].…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Activity, Hepatotoxicity, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Kavalactones and Flavokavins, the Two Main Bioactive Components in Kava (Piper methysticum)

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2021

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Kava (Piper methysticum Forst) is a popular and favorable edible medicinal herb which was traditionally used to prepare a nonfermented beverage with relaxant beneficial for both social and recreational purposes. Numerous studies conducted on kava have confirmed the presence of kavalactones and flavokawains, two major groups of bioactive ingredients, in this miraculous natural plant. Expectedly, both kavalactone and flavokawain components exhibited potent antianxiety and anticancer activities, and their structure-activity relationships were also revealed. However, dozens of clinical data revealed the hepatotoxicity effect which is indirectly or directly associated with kava consumption, and most of the evidence currently seems to point the compounds of flavokawains in kava were responsible. Therefore, our aim is to conduct a systematic review of kavalactones and flavokawains in kava including their biological activities, structure-activity relationships, and toxicities, and as a result of our systematic investigations, suggestions on kava and its compounds are supplied for future research.

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Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Activity, Hepatotoxicity, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Kavalactones and Flavokavins, the Two Main Bioactive Components in Kava (Piper methysticum)

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2021

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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“…Kava is the traditional non-alcoholic social drink of the Pacific, used in ceremonies and significant events, and consumed on a regular basis at home or in urban kava bars due to its relaxing and anxiety-relieving properties [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The drink is traditionally prepared from the dried and ground roots and rhizomes of the kava plant (Piper methysticum) by soaking the powder in cold water and pressing it through a cloth strainer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Kavalactone Content and Profile of Fiji Kava Sold on the Local Market

Pasinszki,

Devi

2023

Beverages

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Kava is the traditional intoxicating beverage of the Pacific with mild sedative and muscle relaxant effects, which are attributed to a group of compounds known as kavalactones. This paper aims to evaluate the quality of kava sold in the local markets of Fiji through the quantification of the six major kavalactones in kava root bundles and powdered kava packages using ethanolic extracts and HPLC. It was found in this work that kava root bundles contain mainly noble kava roots with a total kavalactone content of 8–13%; kavain had the highest concentration among kavalactones and kavain, methysticin, and yangonin together represented 69–71% of the total kavalactone content. Adulteration via mixing noble kava roots with those of non-noble kava with a relatively high dihydrokavain and dihydromethysticin content has also been observed. Powdered kava products were found to contain lower amounts of kavalactones (3–5%) with a less favorable kavalactone profile than those of root bundles, possibly due to mixing roots, rhizomes, and/or basal stems. The findings of this work, namely the variation in kavalactone content and profile in marketed products, indicate the need for rigorous quality control and quality indicators on kava commodities. Suggestions to include quantitative measures in the previously proposed chemical standardization code are also presented.

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“…Although the desirable therapeutic effects, Kava was also reported to cause liver injury [10–13]. Drug‐induced liver injury is one of the great concerns in drug discovery and development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, it has been reported that kava displayed anti-tumor activity, including colon [7] and lung cancer [8,9]. Although the desirable therapeutic effects, Kava was also reported to cause liver injury [10][11][12][13]. Drug-induced liver injury is one of the great concerns in drug discovery and development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and identification of the metabolites of dihydromethysticin by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Cheng

Song

Yundi

et al. 2022

J of Separation Science

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Dihydromethysticin, a natural component from Piper methysticum Forst, has been reported to display pharmacological effects in mental disorders and some malignant tumors. However, the metabolism of this component remained unknown. The goal of this work was conducted to discover the metabolic profiles of dihydromethysticin. The in vitro incubation was performed by incubating dihydromethysticin with rat, monkey, and human liver microsomes and hepatocytes. An analytical assay of ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography combined with Orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry was utilized to detect and identify the metabolites. With high resolution mass spectrometric determination, the accurate mass, elemental composition, and product ions of the metabolites were determined, which enabled structural characterization to become easy. Under the present conditions, four phase‐I metabolites, as well as six phase‐II metabolites, were detected and their tentative structures were characterized by mass spectra. M4 was found as the most abundant metabolite both in liver microsomes and hepatocytes. Cytochrome P450 1A2, 2C9, and 3A4 contributed to the formation of this metabolite by using human recombinant P450 enzymes. M4 can be oxidized into reactive ortho‐quinone intermediate followed by conjugating with glutathione. M4 was also subject to glucuronidation (M1 and M2) and methylation (M5). Demethylenation, oxidation, hydroxylation, glucuronidation, glutathionylation, and methylation were the primary metabolic pathways of dihydromethysticin. This study provides in vitro metabolism data of dihydromethysticin, which is indispensable for understanding the disposition of this compound.

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Chemical and in vitro toxicity analysis of a supercritical fluid extract of Kava kava (Piper methysticum)

Cited by 9 publications

References 45 publications

Biological Activity, Hepatotoxicity, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Kavalactones and Flavokavins, the Two Main Bioactive Components in Kava (Piper methysticum)

Biological Activity, Hepatotoxicity, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Kavalactones and Flavokavins, the Two Main Bioactive Components in Kava (Piper methysticum)

The Kavalactone Content and Profile of Fiji Kava Sold on the Local Market

Characterization and identification of the metabolites of dihydromethysticin by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry

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