Chemical and petrochemical industry

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The potential sources of various metals in chemical and petrochemical processes are discussed. Special emphasis is put on the catalysts used in the industry. Their main applications, compositions, especially metal contents are presented both for fresh and spent ones. The focus is on the main types of metals used in catalysts: the platinum-group metals, the rare-earth elements, and the variety of transition metals. The analysis suggested that chemical and petrochemical sectors can be considered as the secondary source of metals. Because the utilization of spent refinery catalysts for metal recovery is potentially viable, different methods were applied. The conventional approaches used in metal reclamation as hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, as well as new methods include bioleaching, were described. Some industrial solutions for metal recovery from spent solution were also presented.</jats:p>

Platinum Recovery Techniques for a Circular Economy

“…The Pt recovery yield obtained was 90%. In the chlorination process high purity metals are obtained, however, the main disadvantages are the corrosion of the furnace and associated facilities, and the utilization of hazardous gases as Cl 2 which causes health and environmental risks [37]. In general, these environmental concerns and the high energetic cost makes this process undesirable in latest years.…”

“…Ni or NiS can be added as an additional collector in presence of Na 2 CO 3 or CaO as flux agents for 30 min at 1050 • C. The obtained Pt recovery rate was up to 90% [49]. From an industrial point of view, copper collection can be effortlessly adapted because of its relatively low cost, high efficiency, and low smelting temperature, furthermore, the collector material can be re-used [28,37].…”

Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Cobalt(II) from Spent Industrial Catalysts

“…bioleaching [19]. As was mentioned above such methods are applied also in commercial solutions, i.e., the Dutch company Moxba-Metrex [20], the Germany company Nickelhütte Aue GmbH [21], or the Belgian company Sadaci N.V. [22], etc., described in detail in the work [23]. The selection of the right method depends on many factors [24].…”

“…The conventional approaches used in metal reclamation as pyrometallurgy [15] and hydrometallurgy (leaching, ion exchange, extraction) [16][17][18], as well as new methods, include bioleaching [19]. As was mentioned above such methods are applied also in commercial solutions, i.e., the Dutch company Moxba-Metrex [20], the Germany company Nickelhütte Aue GmbH [21], or the Belgian company Sadaci N.V. [22], etc., described in detail in the work [23]. The selection of the right method depends on many factors [24].…”