Chemical and physical characterization of produced waters from conventional and unconventional fossil fuel resources

Alley, Bethany; Beebe, Alex; Rodgers, John H.; Castle, James W.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.043

Cited by 137 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Location of the water to be treated, environmental conditions, and economic and social needs are factors to take into account when selecting the most appropriate treatment method [314]. Section 3 presented an example of an MD-energy driven systems that, if combined with RO, could potentially increase the recovery of produced water.…”

Section: Produced Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Produced water sources included shale gas (SG), conventional natural gas (NG), conventional oil, coal bed methane (CBM), and tight gas sands (TGS) [314]. A comparison of some of the produced waters' constituents is presented in Table 10.…”

Section: Produced Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 3300 ML of produced waters are generated annually in the United States [314]. Produced water is characterized as groundwater with elevated concentrations of total dissolved solids as well as other water quality parameters [315].…”

Section: Produced Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination and Purification Applications

Camacho

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Zhang

et al. 2013

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Membrane distillation is a process that utilizes differences in vapor pressure to permeate water through a macro-porous membrane and reject other non-volatile constituents present in the influent water. This review considers the fundamental heat and mass transfer processes in membrane distillation, recent advances in membrane technology, module configurations, and the applications and economics of membrane distillation, and identifies areas that may lead to technological improvements in membrane distillation as well as the application characteristics required for commercial deployment. Keywordsa function of temperature, vapor pressure, and of the gas molecular mass K 0 membrane characteristic defined by Equation (9) Kn Knudsen number K(T) a function of temperature and molecular weight of the gas l mean free path of the molecules l m distance between parallel spacer fibres (m) LEP Limit Entry Pressure (kPa) M molecular mass (g/mol) M w molecular weights of water (g/mol) M a molecular weights of air (g/mol) n number of CNTs per unit cross section in bucky-paper P pressure in the air gap (kPa) half time to reach the maximum intensity-laser flash technique (s) t proportion of conductive heat (balance due to evaporative heat) loss through the membrane T mean temperature in the pores (K)

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Section: Produced Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Produced Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination and Purification Applications

Camacho

Dumée

Zhang

et al. 2013

Water

642

342

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“…Analytical measurements of the wastewater samples as well as shale gas produced water (SGPW), tight gas sand produced water (TGSPW), coal-bed methane produced water (CBMPW), and produced water from conventional natural gas operations (NGPW) from government and industrial records, peer-reviewed literature, and other sources compiled by Alley et al, are displayed in Table 3 [16]. The measurements in all three wastewater samples are within the range of the same parameters for SGPW in Alley et al's compilation, if reported.…”

Section: Analytical Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Analysis of Wastewater from Unconventional Drilling Operations

Thacker

Carlton

Hildenbrand

et al. 2015

Water

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Trillions of liters of wastewater from oil and gas extraction are generated annually in the US. The contribution from unconventional drilling operations (UDO), such as hydraulic fracturing, to this volume will likely continue to increase in the foreseeable future. The chemical content of wastewater from UDO varies with region, operator, and elapsed time after production begins. Detailed chemical analyses may be used to determine its content, select appropriate treatment options, and identify its source in cases of environmental contamination. In this study, one wastewater sample each from direct effluent, a disposal well, and a waste pit, all in West Texas, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, high performance ion chromatography, total organic carbon/total nitrogen analysis, and pH and conductivity analysis. Several compounds known to compose hydraulic fracturing fluid were detected among two of the wastewater samples including 2-butoxyethanol, alkyl amines, and cocamide OPEN ACCESSWater 2015, 7 1569 diethanolamines, toluene, and o-xylene. Due both to its quantity and quality, proper management of wastewater from UDO will be essential.

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“…With multiple studies focused on produced water qualities and characterization (Benko and Drewes, 2008;Alley et al, 2011;Barbot et al, 2013), the suspended solids characteristics of produced water and its dispersed system has hardly been investigated. The understanding of solids properties and chemical composition will help guide the selection of the treatment technique that will improve wastewater treatment effectiveness and allow beneficial wastewater reuse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of solids in produced water from wells fractured with recycled and fresh water

2016

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

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CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLIDS IN PRODUCED WATER FROM WELLS FRACTURED WITH RECYCLED AND FRESH WATERWater management is a central issue in oil and gas development. Hydraulic fracturing applied in unconventional tight oil and gas development requires large amounts of water, and the wastewater that results after production--containing high levels of organic and inorganic matter--usually is disposed of through deep well injection. A new approach reuses this produced water as part of subsequent fracturing fluid, an alternative that could significantly reduce both fresh water demand and the cost associated with deep well injection. However, produced water must be treated prior to reuse, to remove most of the suspended solids and multivalent ions that would otherwise cause scale or clogging problems. Understanding the amount and composition of solids in produced water is crucial in achieving optimized treatment and reuse.This study targeted the characterization, both qualitatively and quantitatively, of the solids in produced water from oil and gas operations and the comparison of solids from wells fractured with fresh water and recycled water. Samples were collected from five wells at the Crow Creek and Chandler State pads in the Wattenberg field of Northern Colorado. Wells in the same pad were fractured either with fresh surface water only or with water blended with some portion of recycled produced water. Gravimetric analyses of dissolved and suspended solids were performed, and particle size distributions of suspended solids were measured. Suspended solids also were isolated and characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).Gravimetric analyses showed that total dissolved solids (TDS) averaged about 24000 mg/L and 17000 mg/L for Crow Creek and Chandler State wells, respectively. Total suspended iii solids (TSS) concentrations were much lower, measuring 550 and 260 mg/L for the two pads.About 9 to25 percent of TDS was volatile and 88 to 99 percent of TSS was highly volatile.Particle sizes were high during first few days of production and then stabilized at about 400 nm and 900 nm for wells on the Crow Creek and Chandler State pads, respectively. At the Crow Creek pad, particle sizes were smaller and mono-distributed in produced water samples collected during the first week of production from the well fractured with recycled water, suggesting that the recycled water was more compatible with shale formation and that wells fractured with recycled water tend to clean out faster. XPS tests for isolated suspended solids showed the presence of major elements such as oxygen, carbon, and silicon, along with minor elements such as calcium, magnesium, zirconium, iron, and others. Core-level scanning confirmed that the isolated suspended solids were mainly composed of carbonate based minerals and metal oxides; several iron compounds with different valences were also found in the produced water samples.

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Chemical and physical characterization of produced waters from conventional and unconventional fossil fuel resources

Cited by 137 publications

References 29 publications

Advances in Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination and Purification Applications

Advances in Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination and Purification Applications

Chemical Analysis of Wastewater from Unconventional Drilling Operations

Characterization of solids in produced water from wells fractured with recycled and fresh water

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