Chemical and Physical Modification of Lignin for Green Polymeric Composite Materials

Komisarz, Karolina; Majka, Tomasz M.; Pielichowski, Krzysztof

doi:10.3390/ma16010016

Cited by 31 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(241 reference statements)

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“…Silicon-containing moieties are inserted into the structure of lignin during the silylation process. , This alteration improves the hydrophobicity, thermal stability, and chemical reactivity of lignin and makes it more compatible with specific materials. Silylation increases lignin’s thermal stability and T g .…”

Section: Modification Of Ligninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin Modification for Enhanced Performance of Polymer Composites

Taher,

Wang,

Faridul Hasan

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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Section: Modification Of Ligninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin Modification for Enhanced Performance of Polymer Composites

Taher,

Wang,

Faridul Hasan

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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“…To assess the usefulness of lignins as possible wax inhibitors, chemical modification is needed to increase the interactions between the biopolymer and the wax. The number of reported chemical modifications of lignin is vast and thoroughly reviewed, − and varies greatly according to the end application. For example, lignins designed as flame-retardants had their thermal and oxidative stability increased by phosphorylations, , and hydroxymethylation of lignin has been performed for viscosity modulation for uses as adhesives .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin-Based Wax Inhibitors

Heen Blindheim,

Syverud,

Ruwoldt

2024

Energy Fuels

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This article tested a novel concept for synthesizing green wax inhibitors. Four technical lignins were reacted with stearoyl chloride to produce esterified C18 esterified lignin. The effect of the reaction on the lignin molecular weight, characteristic FTIR spectra, and thermal degradation was surveyed. In addition, wax inhibition testing was performed by rheology on model waxy oils. The grafting reactions increased the mass-average molecular weight of the lignin and in some cases also the polydispersity index. FTIR analysis confirmed the success of esterification reactions as the O−H stretching band decreased, whereas the C−H and C�O stretching bands significantly increased. The thermal degradation was further found to occur at temperatures above 170 °C, indicating that the lignin wax inhibitors were thermally stable enough for crude oil production. The effect on waxy gelation was varied, showing that the low molecular weight waxes benefited more than the high molecular ones. A gelation point reduction of up to 6 °C was found after lignin addition. After the wax type, wax concentration, lignin concentration, and lignin type were varied, it was found that C18 esterified Kraft lignin exhibited the most beneficial effect. The results from viscometry agreed with the observations from the rheometric gelation point. Cross-polarized microscopy was used to map the effect on the wax crystal morphology. A difference was found only in the case of one esterified Kraft lignin, which yielded smaller and more finely dispersed wax crystals. In conclusion, a new wax inhibitor was synthesized by reacting technical lignin with stearoyl chloride. This lignin showed wax inhibitor activity in some of the tested cases. At this point, the length of the pendant alkyl chains (C18) is likely a limiting factor. However, this study attributes the potential for a new concept to synthesize green wax inhibitors.

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“…Natural fibers are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, aromatic compounds, waxes, lipids, and water-soluble compounds. The content of individual ingredients depends on the type of natural fiber [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Urtica dioica and Vitis vinifera Fibers on the Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polylactide Composites

Majka,

Piech,

Piechaczek

et al. 2024

Materials

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This study focuses on examining the influence of bast fibers on the flammability and thermal properties of the polylactide matrix (PLA). For this purpose, Urtica dioica and Vitis vinifera fibers were subjected to two types of modifications: mercerization in NaOH solution (M1 route) and encapsulation in an organic PLA solution (M2 route). In a further step, PLA composites containing 5, 10, and 15 wt% of unmodified and chemically treated fibers were obtained. The results of the tests show that only biocomposites containing mercerized fibers had a nearly 20% reduced flammability compared to that of PLA. Moreover, the biofiller obtained in this way belongs to the group of flame retardants that generate char residue during combustion, which was also confirmed by TGA tests. The M2 modification route allowed to achieve higher mass viscosity than the addition of unmodified and M1-modified fibers. The reason is that fibers additionally encapsulated in a polymer layer impede the mobility of the chain segments. The inferior homogenization of the M2-modified fibers in the PLA matrix translated into a longer combustion time and only a 15% reduction in flammability.

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Chemical and Physical Modification of Lignin for Green Polymeric Composite Materials

Cited by 31 publications

References 106 publications

Lignin Modification for Enhanced Performance of Polymer Composites

Lignin Modification for Enhanced Performance of Polymer Composites

Lignin-Based Wax Inhibitors

The Influence of Urtica dioica and Vitis vinifera Fibers on the Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polylactide Composites

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