Chemical and structural characterization of carbon nanotube surfaces

Wepasnick, Kevin A.; Smith, Billy; Bitter, Julie L.; Fairbrother, D. Howard

doi:10.1007/s00216-009-3332-5

Cited by 545 publications

(363 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…However, chemical derivatization using fluorine containing tags/molecules combined with XPS is a far more accurate approach for identification of specific functional groups rather than deconvoluting the C(1s) spectra given the close proximity of different functional groups, the limited resolution of the spectra, and the possibility for different fitting combinations to give equally good results [67,68]. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has also been used to analyze the functional groups of CNTs [69], but this approach rarely provides quantitative functional group concentrations, and it may be challenging to differentiate between small peaks and the background [68]. For additional information about characterization of CNTs surfaces, see the recent review article by Wepasnick et al [68].…”

Section: Steps In Conducting Ecotoxicity Tests With Cnpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

Petersen

Henry

2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

114

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Abstract-The recent emergence of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) that are released into the environment and lead to exposure in organisms has accelerated the need to determine NP toxicity. Techniques for measuring the toxicity of NPs (nanotoxicology) in ecological receptors (nanoecotoxicology) are in their infancy, however, and establishing standardized ecotoxicity tests for NPs are presently limited by several factors. These factors include the extent of NP characterization necessary (or possible) before, during, and after toxicity tests such that toxic effects can be related to physicochemical characteristics of NPs; determining uptake and distribution of NPs within exposed organisms (does uptake occur or are effects exerted at organism surfaces?); and determining the appropriate types of controls to incorporate into ecotoxicity tests with NPs. In this review, the authors focus on the important elements of measuring the ecotoxicity of carbon NPs (CNPs) and make recommendations for ecotoxicology testing that should enable more rigorous interpretations of collected data and interlaboratory comparisons. This review is intended to serve as a next step toward developing standardized tests that can be incorporated into a regulatory framework for CNPs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.

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Section: Steps In Conducting Ecotoxicity Tests With Cnpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

Petersen

Henry

2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

114

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“…This feature is the fingerprint of extended delocalized electrons in the material. It is present in graphitic material HOPG (Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite) [42] and CNT (Carbon Nano Tube) [43]. The pÀpÃ component increases by increasing the pyrolysis temperature, from 3.0% for the CF 400°C, 4.6% for the CF 600°C to 6.6% for the CF 800°C.…”

Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Xps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards green carbon fibre manufacturing from waste cotton: a microstructural and physical property investigation

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The work presents the usefulness of cotton fibre waste as a source of carbon fibre (CF) by pyrolysis. Different pyrolysis temperatures were studied to assess the surface and structural changes during carbonisation. The structural and surface modification of fibres during carbonisation was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Raman spectroscopy. Lowpressure plasma employed for surface functionalization treatment in presence of oxygen was conducted. The surface modification was analysed and compared by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle analysis. Carbon fibre structural strength was studied using nanoindentation. The carbon fibres before and after functionalization revealed a significant change in surface hydrophilicity. In nanoindentation, the maximum displacement of carbon fibre produced at 400°C is higher when compared to treatment of 600°C and 800°C, for identical applied load, revealing lower resistance to applied load, while the carbon fibre produced at 600°C has the least displacement, i.e. higher resistance to applied load. Enhancement of material strength (through resistance to applied load) after surface functionalization is evidenced for the case of carbon fibre produced at 400°C and no effect for carbon fibre (both plain and functionalized) produced at 800°C.

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“…The structure of elongated particles, e.g., carbon nanotubes, may also be highly heterogeneous due to their chemical functionalization; moreover, a length polydispersity may also be present [15].…”

Section: One Can Easily Calculatementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of defects on percolation in random sequential adsorption of lineark-mers on square lattices

et al. 2015

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The effect of defects on the percolation of linear k-mers (particles occupying k adjacent sites) on a square lattice is studied by means of Monte Carlo simulation. The k-mers are deposited using a random sequential adsorption mechanism. Two models, L d and K d , are analyzed. In the L d model, it is assumed that the initial square lattice is non-ideal and some fraction of sites, d, is occupied by non-conducting point defects (impurities). In the K d model, the initial square lattice is perfect. However, it is assumed that some fraction of the sites in the k-mers, d, consists of defects, i.e., are non-conducting. The length of the k-mers, k, varies from 2 to 256. Periodic boundary conditions are applied to the square lattice. The dependencies of the percolation threshold concentration of the conducting sites, pc, vs the concentration of defects, d, were analyzed for different values of k. Above some critical concentration of defects, dm, percolation is blocked in both models, even at the jamming concentration of k-mers. For long k-mers, the values of dm are well fitted by the functions dm ∝ k −α m − k −α (α = 1.28 ± 0.01, km = 5900 ± 500) and dm ∝ log(km/k) (km = 4700 ± 1000 ), for the L d and K d models, respectively. Thus, our estimation indicates that the percolation of k-mers on a square lattice is impossible even for a lattice without any defects if k 6 × 10 3 .

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Chemical and structural characterization of carbon nanotube surfaces

Cited by 545 publications

References 52 publications

Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

Towards green carbon fibre manufacturing from waste cotton: a microstructural and physical property investigation

Impact of defects on percolation in random sequential adsorption of lineark-mers on square lattices

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