Chemical and Thermal Aspects of Pesticide Disposal

Kennedy, M. V.; Stojanovic, B. J.; Shuman, F. L.

doi:10.2134/jeq1972.00472425000100010015x

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Also, some of the emulsifiers used in herbicide formulations are ineffective or become inactivated in concentrated salt solutions such as liquid fertilizer solutions. 3 Fertilizer salts have been recommended as contact herbicides and the addition of proper wetting agents can nearly double their contact effectiveness (4). Mitchell et al (6) found that atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6• (isopropylamino)-s-triazine]…”

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confidence: 99%

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Compatibility and Phytotoxicity of Herbicide‐Fertilizer Combinations¹

Martens¹,

Burnside²,

Cramer³

1978

Agronomy Journal

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During the past decade herbicides and liquid fertilizers have been combined for joint application with increasing frequency. This practice has been labeled the “weed and feed” concept. It saves time and labor, reduces soil compaction, and reduces application expenses. Thus, the effect of compatability treatments on phytoxicity of mixture of 10 herbicides with 11 fertilizers were studied in the laboratory and greenhouse. The objective was to determine the feasibility of joint application of each herbicide with each liquid fertilizer selected. Herbicides were generally compatible with suspension‐grade fertilizers and maintained their phytotoxicity for 24 hours with agitation as determined by greenhouse bioassays. Of the clear liquid fertilizers, 11‐37‐0 was the most compatible with the 10 herbicides. Atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine], chloramben [3‐amino‐2,5‐dichlorobenzoic acid], and propachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐isopropylacetanilide] were the herbicides most compatible with the liquid fertilizers. Chloramben remained dispersed for 24 hours without agitation in most of the fertilizers. In general, separation of the herbicide‐fertilizer mixtures occurred within 1 hour after initial mixing, without agitation. Agitation was essential for maintaining phytotoxicity of most herbicide‐fertilizer mixtures. COMPEX (alcohol sulfates) at 0.25% volume/weight (v/w) of spray solution and ATTAGEL 150 (attapulgite clay) at 0.75% weight/weight (w/w) of liquid fertilizer solution were the most effective compatibility treatments added to the herbicide‐fertilizer mixtures. COMPEX retarded the formation of precipitates in fluorodifen [p‐nitrophenol‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2‐nitro‐p‐tolyl ether] fertilizer mixtures. Use of a 2:1 water:herbicide (w/w) dilution aided in mixing wettable powder herbicides with liquid fertilizers. Addition of SURFACTANT WK (dodecyl ether of polyethylene glycol) increased compatibility of some wettable powder herbicide‐fertilizer mixtures. However, with adequate agitation nearly all herbicide‐fertilizer mixtures were compatible and herbicide phytotoxicity was maintained without the need for the addition of compatibility agents.

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“…No herbicide degradation occurred where trifluntlin, butylate, or alachlor were combined with 3-10-10, 28-0-0, or 4-12-24 liquid fertilizers (1). Kennedy et al (3) found that liquid ammonia combined with metallic sodium or lithium would degrade atrazine, trifluralin, and 2,4-D [ (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid].…”

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Compatibility and Phytotoxicity of Herbicide‐Fertilizer Combinations¹

Martens¹,

Burnside²,

Cramer³

1978

Agronomy Journal

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“…Also, from the branches (trichlorophenol, C-C, C-O and C-H bonds), decomposition of chlorophenols moiety will form gases such as CO, CO 2 , Fig. 2 Zero-point charge (pH zcp ) of EET polymer Cl 2 , and HCl [29]. It can be concluded from these results that the compound is thermally stable.…”

Section: Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetrymentioning

confidence: 90%

Effective removal of dyes from aqueous solutions using a novel antibacterial polymeric adsorbent

2020

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Here, ethylenediamine-epichlorohydrin-trichlorophenol (EET) cross-linked polymer was synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transforms Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). EET exhibited substantial antibacterial activity with inhibition zones of 38 and 64 mm against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. Therefore, it was applied to treat methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RB) dyes containing synthetic aqueous solutions under varying operation parameters. Notably, 10 and 15 mg of EET removed 98.72% of MO at pH 8 and 92.45% of RB at pH 3. Moreover, EET cross-linked polymer retained stable activities of about 98.6% over five consecutive recycling runs for MO dye. The EET demonstrated a fast adsorption rate and the adsorption data fits well with the pseudo-second-order for both dyes, suggesting chemisorption. Also, considering the correlation coefficient values, the experimental dataset fits suitably with Temkin equation for RB and Langmuir equation for MO. Thermodynamic evaluations for both dyes show spontaneity onto the cross-linked polymer.

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“…Several review articles have appeared that address the broad application of the chemistry (Watt, 1950;Birch, 1950;Birch, 1958). Organic phosphorous and sulfur compounds such as pesticides and chemical warfare agents are known to be reactive to solvated electrons (Kennedy et al, 1972). It is also well understood that aromatic materials such as benzene and polyaromatic hydrocarbons are chemically reduced by the Birch reaction using solvated electrons (Birch, 1950).…”

Section: Background On the Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of the SOLV^TM Process: A Total Systems Approach to Environmental Remediation

Getman¹

1998

Remediation Journal

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He joined Commodore in Januury 1996, and is responsible for recommending and leading researcb in Commodore's Solvated Electron process, emerging tecbnologies, and business development. Key accomplisbments include expansion of tbe tecbnology for tbe destruction of dioxins, PAHs, explosives, and cbemical warfare agents. Dr. Getman obtained bis Ph.D. in organic cbembtryporn Rensselaer Polytecbnic Institute, Troy, New York in 1975.Commodore Solution Technologies, Inc. has developed an innovative total systems approach to environmental remediation that utilizes a patented chemistry called Solvated Electron Technology (SET"). Solvated electron solutions amsome of the mostpowe?ful reducing agents known. Formed by dhsolving alkali and alkaline-earth metals in anhydrous liquid ammonia to produce a solution of metal cations and free electrons, solvated electron solutions are capable ofproviding reductants ofgreat activity and uniqueness. Theyprovide a highly useful mechanism for the reductive destruction of many organic moleculesandareextremelyeflective in thedehalogenation of halogenated organic compounds. Commodore has received a nationwide EPA operating permit for the nonthemal destruction of PCBs using this process. The SoLFprocess is a total solution approach that incorporates S E P withpre-andpost-treatments, when necessary, forenvironmental cleanup. It is applicable to a broad range of substrates including liquids, solids, soils, and job materials. Z3is article presents results from several pilot, field, and commercial validation studies utilizing the SOL Fprocess.Functional organic compounds have proven to be some of the most difficult and expensive remediation challenges faced by the environmental cleanup industry. As a class, they represent some of the most toxic, environmentally persistent, and difficult-to-destroy compounds known. In the environment, materials such as pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, hrans, PAHs, BTXs, explosives, chemical warfare agents, chlorofluorocarbons, and chlorinated solvents are deemed to pose a hazard to health and the environment, even when present in relatively small quantities. To meet today's stringent cleanup standards, vast quantities of materials such as soil, job equipment, adsorbents, process liquids, and building materials must be treated to remove contaminants that may be present in quantities measurable only in parts-per-million.Other than landfill, commercially available remediation technology options principally are limited to thermal processes such as incineration, plasma arc, catalytic extraction, gas phase chemical reduction, and thermal desorption. These are undesirable due to generation of off gases such as

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Chemical and Thermal Aspects of Pesticide Disposal

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Compatibility and Phytotoxicity of Herbicide‐Fertilizer Combinations¹

Compatibility and Phytotoxicity of Herbicide‐Fertilizer Combinations¹

Effective removal of dyes from aqueous solutions using a novel antibacterial polymeric adsorbent

Application of the SOLV^TM Process: A Total Systems Approach to Environmental Remediation

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Chemical and Thermal Aspects of Pesticide Disposal

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Compatibility and Phytotoxicity of Herbicide‐Fertilizer Combinations1

Compatibility and Phytotoxicity of Herbicide‐Fertilizer Combinations1

Effective removal of dyes from aqueous solutions using a novel antibacterial polymeric adsorbent

Application of the SOLVTM Process: A Total Systems Approach to Environmental Remediation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Compatibility and Phytotoxicity of Herbicide‐Fertilizer Combinations¹

Compatibility and Phytotoxicity of Herbicide‐Fertilizer Combinations¹

Application of the SOLV^TM Process: A Total Systems Approach to Environmental Remediation