Chemical Approach on Organometallic Loading in Plastic Scintillators and Its Applications

Recent progress of organic scintillators

“…91,92) They are frequently loaded as organometallic compounds. 93) Bismuth has often been loaded in PVT-or polystyrene-based plastic scintillators because of the high atomic number of Bi (83) as Bi pivalate, 94,95) BiCl 3 , 96) triphenyl bismuth, 97,98) or bismuth tricarboxylates. 99) PVKbased plastic scintillators loaded with triphenyl bismuth have been developed.…”

On the Origin of the Light Yield Enhancement in Polymeric Composite Scintillators Loaded with Dense Nanoparticles

“…On the other hand, the use of hybrid organic/inorganic compounds 9−13 or the loading of polymeric hosts with optically inert dense nanoparticles (NPs) are alternative approaches recently proposed to enhance the stopping power of liquid and polymeric conjugated scintillators. 14−23 In principle, the presence of dense NPs including high atomic number Z elements would affect indeed both the Compton and photoelectric interactions 24 because the interaction probability with high energy photons, such as Xrays and γ-rays, quickly increases with the effective material electronic density and the effective Z value. Rather than to create luminescence centers, the role of these inorganic fillers is therefore to enhance the efficacy of the transformation of the absorbed energy into electronic excitations, which will then be transferred through nonradiative mechanisms to the final emitter.…”

“…However, due to the multiple energy transfer steps involved, this strategy could result in a delay of the scintillation time response, detrimental for fast applications. On the other hand, the use of hybrid organic/inorganic compounds − or the loading of polymeric hosts with optically inert dense nanoparticles (NPs) are alternative approaches recently proposed to enhance the stopping power of liquid and polymeric conjugated scintillators. − In principle, the presence of dense NPs including high atomic number Z elements would affect indeed both the Compton and photoelectric interactions because the interaction probability with high energy photons, such as X-rays and γ-rays, quickly increases with the effective material electronic density and the effective Z value. Rather than to create luminescence centers, the role of these inorganic fillers is therefore to enhance the efficacy of the transformation of the absorbed energy into electronic excitations, which will then be transferred through nonradiative mechanisms to the final emitter. , In particular, NP-loaded composite scintillators show a composition-dependent behavior, − and trade-off conditions that maximize the ϕ LY can be found. , However, a clear explanation of the effect that correlates the presence of NPs with the scintillation performance is still under debate.…”