Chemical aspects of the composition of industrial hemp seed products

Abstract

Introduction. The purpose of the paper is to study theoretical and experimental aspects of the chemical composition and quality of hemp seed products, including oxidation processes in oils, seeds and processing products. Materials and methods. Research materials are industrial hemp seeds of «Hlesiia» variety, pressed oil and oil compositions, hemp seeds kernel. The quality of the investigated materials was evaluated according to standard and industry methods and to Codex Alimentarius. Results and discussion. The obtained hemp oils by the content of fatty acids, phospholipids, vitamins A and E have high biological value, and by the content of tocopherols significantly outweigh sunflower, sesame and amaranth oils. The sample of MM60 pressed oil is preferred for antioxidant resistance. The ratio of essential fatty acids is close to ideal: Omega-6 and Omega-3 as 3.0:1-3.7:1, while in linseed oil-1:3.6. Hemp oil also contains biologically valuable gammalinolenic acid. Spectrophotometric method confirmed the presence of carotenoids and chlorophylls in pressed hemp oil. Vitamin A content in oil is 78 mg/kg, vitamin E (total)-562.8 mg/kg. Hemp oil is better stored at 8±2 °C without light access by chemical indicators. The obtained hemp oil and oil compositions are of good quality. The composition with a peroxide and acid value of less than 1 and a higher oil output is preferred. The quality of hemp seeds (without the shell) improves compared to the output seeds. The content of oil and protein increased 1.5 times, macro and microelements: phosphorus 1.5 times, ferro 1.25 times, zinc and cobalt 2 times. Hemp seeds without the shell have a high content of essential amino acids and a high content of lysine, which is usually deficient. Conclusions. It is recommended the hemp oil and hemp seeds kernel in the production of functional food.

The Seed of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition

“…For this reason, hempseed’s fat is commonly called oil. Several studies [ 34 , 39 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ] demonstrated that the oil content of hempseeds belonging to different cvs ranges from 25 to 35% of the whole seed ( Table 2 ). Galasso and colleagues [ 39 ] and Irakly and co-workers [ 3 ], analysing the seeds belonging to different industrial hemp cvs , highlighted that this variation is mainly due to the genotype.…”

“…The total tocopherol amount in hempseed oil has been shown to be higher than that found in sunflower, sesame, and amaranth oil [ 48 ]. It can reach even values higher than 90 mg/100 g of oil based on the type of extraction process used to obtain oil from the seed.…”

“…Finally, the other still little explored components of the unsaponifiable matter of hempseed oil are carotenoid. Analysis of total carotenoids has been performed only bya few papers [ 48 , 64 , 66 ] on the hempseed oil obtained by CO 2 SFE and cold-pressing process, whereas data on the carotenoids profile on whole hempseed are reported only by Irakli and colleagues [ 3 ]. According to these papers, the total carotenoids of hemp oil has been found to range from 7.8 to 8.2 mg/100 g for oil obtained by two different cold-pressing methods applied on Hlesiia cv [ 48 ] and amount to 3.15 or 12.54 mg/100 g for oil obtained by cold-pressing and CO 2 SFE, respectively [ 64 ].…”

“…Analysis of total carotenoids has been performed only bya few papers [ 48 , 64 , 66 ] on the hempseed oil obtained by CO 2 SFE and cold-pressing process, whereas data on the carotenoids profile on whole hempseed are reported only by Irakli and colleagues [ 3 ]. According to these papers, the total carotenoids of hemp oil has been found to range from 7.8 to 8.2 mg/100 g for oil obtained by two different cold-pressing methods applied on Hlesiia cv [ 48 ] and amount to 3.15 or 12.54 mg/100 g for oil obtained by cold-pressing and CO 2 SFE, respectively [ 64 ]. In another work [ 66 ], the amount of total carotenoids in hemp oil obtained by CO 2 SFE was 3.42 mg/100 g. These differences may be due to the adoption of different CO 2 SFE parameters as well as genotype and environmental factors as reported in the publication of Irakli and colleagues [ 3 ].…”

“…The protein content of whole hempseed can vary from 20 to 25% ( Table 2 ) according to variety and environmental factors. This amount can further increase in some hempseed-processed products such as dehulled seed and hempseed meal or cake (also called hempseed flour), that is, the remaining fraction of hempseed obtained after expelling its oil fraction [ 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 ]. Mattila and colleagues [ 45 ] demonstrated that in hempseed the proteins are mostly located in the inner layer of the seed, in fact they found only a low quantity of total proteins in the hull.…”