Chemical Binding of Chitosan and Chitosan Nanoparticles onto Oxidized Cellulose

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze binding of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles onto cellulose via oxidized cellulose. The ability of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles to be adsorbed onto surfaces was determined by the use of the XPS spectroscopy which provided information about chemical composition of the fiber surface. On the other hand, the gravimetric method was also used by which the amount of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles bounded onto surface was calculated based on the difference in masses before and after functionalization. The most important was to study the influence of aldehyde groups on the stability of chitosan binding onto cellulose. Thus, desorption of chitosan/chitosan nanoparticles from the fiber surfaces was evaluated by the presence of total nitrogen (TN) in desorption bath as well as by polyelectrolyte titrations. Together with these two methods, desorption was evaluated also by gravimetric method, where the extent of desorption was evaluated on the basis of the differences in the masses of fibers before and after desorption. It is concluded that the chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles are more efficiently bounded onto oxidized cellulose in comparison with the nonoxidized (reference) ones. Despite the binding of the positively-charged amino groups with the negative groups of cellulose and consequently smaller amount of available/residual protonated amino groups that are responsible for bioactivity, such functionalized fibers are still specifically antimicrobial.

Preparation and characterization of chitosan based hydrogels chemical cross‐linked by oxidized cellulose nanowhiskers

“…As the weight ratio of NaIO 4 to CNWs was 0.8, the content of aldehyde groups can be as high as 2.76 mmol/g. By means of schiff's base formation, aldehyde groups is able to react with free amino groups on the surface of chitosan, where it acts as a potential chemical cross‐linking agent . Furthermore, oxidized CNWs will also serve as nanofillers, which might be evenly distributed in polymer matrices and be incorporated into polymer chain movements to improve the mechanical strength of the hydrogels.…”

The Chitosan Implementation into Cotton and Polyester/Cotton Blend Fabrics

“…In the papers that are related to chitosan treatment of cellulose and polyester material, and its blends, chitosan was applied dissolved in acid, usually hydrochloric [13][14][15][16] or acetic acid [18]; or, in the form of nanoparticles from polyelectrolyte complex with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) [17]. Such an application leads to good antimicrobial properties, but it is not durable.…”

“…Therefore, the papers related to chitosan treatment mainly discuss its crosslinking to improve durability. The chemicals that are used for crosslinking of chitosan to cotton cellulose are common auxiliaries in finishing, as dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) [18], low formaldehyde resins [4,16], glutaric dialdehyde (GA) [14,15], 1,2,3,4-butantetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) [4,7,17,19], and citric acid (CA) [19][20][21][22][23]. For better performance in the dyeing and printing of polyester fabric [7,14,16,24,25], some modified chitosans have been developed, e.g.…”

“…Additionally, many authors point out that using GA for hospital textiles or even fabrics that are in direct contact with human skin should be GA free [26,27]. Other auxiliaries, such as some inorganic salts, phenols and thiophenoles, antibiotics, and formaldehyde derivatives, are also controversial for humans and the environment [17]. Therefore, polycarboxylic acids (PCAs) for crosslinking with chitosan and cotton fabric are the best choice.…”

Dyeing of Polyester with Reactive Dyestuffs Using Nano-Chitosan

“…As a result, anionic dyes such as direct, acid and reactive dyes can easily be absorbed by electrostatic attraction due to the created cationic nature of the fiber surface treated by chitosan. The incorporation of nano-scale entities into textile surfaces leads to a strong interfacial interaction and results in significant improvement in properties of the material [7][8][9][10][11][12].…”