Chemical Burns of the Eye

GRANT, W. MORTON

doi:10.1001/jama.1950.02910210008003

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…As it can rapidly penetrate tissue, ammonia is more likely to cause endothelial damage, corneal stromal edema, iritis, and lens damage in comparison with other alkali substances. 30 Highman 31 reported that exposure to ammonia can mimic signs of acute angle closure glaucoma within hours of injury. In our case series, the victim who survived after the explosion complained of blurring of vision on admission, but it had resolved by the time of the clinical forensic examination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32,33 Ammonia can irritate the human eye at about 140 ppm, whereas a concentration of 700 ppm can result in immediate damage. 30 A concentration of 408 ppm is sufficient to cause throat irritation, with laryngospasm occurring at 1700 ppm. Half an hour of ammonia exposure at 2500 ppm can result in death.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A human body can tolerate an ammonia concentration of 100 ppm for several hours 32,33 . Ammonia can irritate the human eye at about 140 ppm, whereas a concentration of 700 ppm can result in immediate damage 30 . A concentration of 408 ppm is sufficient to cause throat irritation, with laryngospasm occurring at 1700 ppm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ammonia Exposure

Vadysinghe

Attygalle²,

Ekanayake

et al. 2021

Am J Forensic Med Pathol

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Exposure to high doses of ammonia gas can result in lethal injuries to humans. This case series presents 5 fatalities and an injured individual, caused by acute ammonia exposure, which occurred in the rubber industry. One of the fatalities and the survivor were reported in an incident of ammonia gas cylinder explosion, whereas the other 4 fatalities were accidentally exposed to gaseous ammonia, where they had started working at a reopened rubber factory that had been abandoned for a long time. Autopsy, scene investigation, and the toxicological findings of the deceased and the clinical forensic examination of the survivor revealed corrosive burns on the skin and the oropharynx, diffuse alveolar damage, and high level of ammonia in blood and the scene. These cases highlight how the comprehensive death investigation helps the forensic practitioner to conclude ammonia exposure as the cause of death/injury where there is a possibility of gas inhalation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ammonia Exposure

Vadysinghe

Attygalle²,

Ekanayake

et al. 2021

Am J Forensic Med Pathol

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show abstract

“…Certain factors are generally recognized as prominent in determining the nature and extent of injury: (i) the amount and duration of exposure; (2) the reactivity of the noxious substance with tissue components; (3) the physical characteristics which determine penetration of the chemical through cell membranes and its direct effect on these membranes (Grant,25).…”

Section: Choice Of a Laboratory Animalmentioning

confidence: 99%