Chemical changes of polymeric surfaces after modification with multi-source cluster deposition

Low‐Pressure Plasma Methods for Generating Non‐Reactive Hydrophilic and Hydrogel‐Like Bio‐Interface Coatings – A Review

“…As shown in Figure , another method for grafting sulfur moieties to a substrate is plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) or its variants such as ionic cluster deposition . Both techniques utilize high potential differences to embed the fragments of sulfur moieties and Ar + ions into the substrates.…”

“…Both techniques utilize high potential differences to embed the fragments of sulfur moieties and Ar + ions into the substrates. In PIII, the sulfur was evaporated into an ionization chamber while ionic cluster deposition bombarded the substrates with ammonium sulfamate clusters . The ionic cluster deposition method showed that sulfur with a S2p XPS binding energy of 167.6 eV was immobilized on the PE substrates in the absence of Ar + ions .…”

“…In PIII, the sulfur was evaporated into an ionization chamber while ionic cluster deposition bombarded the substrates with ammonium sulfamate clusters . The ionic cluster deposition method showed that sulfur with a S2p XPS binding energy of 167.6 eV was immobilized on the PE substrates in the absence of Ar + ions . When Ar + ions were introduced into the reaction chamber, part of those sulfur moieties was converted to groups with lower binding energies at 162.3 eV.…”

“…While some hemocompatibility tests showed a beneficial effect from incorporating sulfur species, others have reported negligible effects with SO 2 ‐HMDSO plasma copolymers or even negative effects with SO 2 plasma treatment or sultone grafting techniques . These mixed results were reported at overlapping levels of atomic percentages of sulfur, suggesting that the nature of the S‐containing groups (oxidation state) may be more important than the absolute amount of S.…”

“…It can be challenging to compare reports as in addition to obvious differences between various in vitro and ex vivo tests, various platelet adhesion tests have also been used . The type of blood platelets (human vs. animal), presence and types of proteins, shear rate of blood flow, and duration of tests can affect the outcomes of the tests.…”