Chemical Characteristics and Physiological Rôles of Glutamine.

Archibald, Reginald M.

doi:10.1021/cr60117a001

Cited by 123 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 153 publications

(264 reference statements)

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“…Archibald (1945) found no glutaminase activity and stated that this was also the finding of Schwab (1936) and Nielsen (1941). The observations given below indicate well-marked glutaminase action, but show that the presence or absence of glucose greatly affects the reaction of yeasts to glutamine.…”

Section: Yeastssupporting

confidence: 69%

Synthesis and Breakdown of Glutamine by Various Micro -organisms

McIlwain¹

1948

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY: Glutamine is not required for staphylococcal growth, and was found to be synthesized by staphylococci from NH, and glutamic acid in the presence of glucose. The amount of glutamine found was, however, much less than that of the NH, reacting. Similar relationships were found in Proteus morganii, Pr. vulga.ris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. ellipsoideus. Proteus morganii was, however, outstanding in possessing a powerful glutaminase which could easily be separated from the cells; in this it differed markedly from Pr. vulgaris. Glutaminase activity was also demonstrated in yeasts, where its occurrence has been previously a matter of dispute.

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Section: Yeastssupporting

confidence: 69%

Synthesis and Breakdown of Glutamine by Various Micro -organisms

McIlwain¹

1948

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…In the dog, 60 per cent of the urinary ammonia has been attributed to the deamidation of serum glutamine, the remaining 40 per cent apparently originating from amino acid oxidase activity (1). In the human kidney, glutaminase activity is only 0.1 to 0.01 that present in dogs (15). Renal I-amino acid oxidase activity is low or absent in most species save the rat (8) and renal d-amino acid oxidase varies widely in different species, the activity in the cat being 20 times that in the guinea pig (14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia Excretion and Renal Enzymatic Adaptation in Human Subjects, as Disclosed by Administration of Precursor Amino Acids12

Madison¹,

Seldin²

1958

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Although the results are sufficiently precise to demonstrate significant differences in NH3 production and glutamine utilization in the experiments to be reported, certain methodologic problems persist which limit the precision of the technique compared to measurements of 14C-labeled compounds. One of these problems which is especially pertinent to the present study is the instability of glutamine in either acid or alkaline solutions (11). In our experiments the medium was acidified with perchloric acid to kill the tissue and incubation continued in order to absorb NH3 from the gas phase of the flask.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathways of glutamine and organic acid metabolism in renal cortex in chronic metabolic acidosis

Simpson¹

1972

J. Clin. Invest.

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A B S T R A C T The metabolism of labeled glutamine and of several labeled organic acid anions was compared in tissue slices of renal cortex from chronically acidotic and alkalotic littermate dogs. 'NHa formation and 'N-amideglutamine utilization were significantly increased by slices from acidotic animals providing further evidence for the similarity of the metabolic responses seen in the tissue slice system and the physiologic effects produced by chronic metabolic acidosis on renal metabolism in the intact animal. Slices from acidotic dogs formed more "CO2 and glucose-"C than did slices from alkalotic animals when labeled glutamine, citrate, or malate was used as substrate but 'COa production from pyruvate-1-l4C was slightly reduced in acidotic tissue. With most of the substrates used glucose-"'C formation was small compared with 14CO2 formation. Using the amount of glucose-'4C formed, the expected 14CO2 production was calculated based on the hypothesis that the primary site of action of metabolic acidosis is on a cytoplasmic step in gluconeogenesis. The actual difference in 1'CO2 production between slices from acidotic and alkalotic animals always greatly exceeded this predicted amount, indicating that stimulation of gluconeogenesis represents a minor metabolic response to chronic metabolic acidosis. Evidence from experiments with citrate labeled in various positions showed that metabolic acidosis has its principal effect on an early step in substrate metabolism which must be intramitochondrial in location.

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Chemical Characteristics and Physiological Rôles of Glutamine.

Cited by 123 publications

References 153 publications

Synthesis and Breakdown of Glutamine by Various Micro -organisms

Synthesis and Breakdown of Glutamine by Various Micro -organisms

Ammonia Excretion and Renal Enzymatic Adaptation in Human Subjects, as Disclosed by Administration of Precursor Amino Acids12

Pathways of glutamine and organic acid metabolism in renal cortex in chronic metabolic acidosis

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