Chemical characteristics, motivation and strategies in choice of materials used as liver phantom: A literature review

Ahmad, Muntaser S.; Suardi, Nursakinah; Shukri, A.; Hjouj, Mohammad; Oglat, Ammar A.; Alarab, Azzam; Makhamrah, Osama

doi:10.4103/jmu.jmu_4_19

Cited by 33 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…In MRI, the first sample (HCC with size of 2 cm) and the second sample (HCC with size of 1 cm), appeared clearly in the resultant image after CA was applied, while the third sample (HCC with size of 0.5 cm), did not appear in any of the four phases. This result supports previous studies which highlighted the difficulty of detecting HCC in its early stages [15], because of their small size. The real reason this sample did not appear in MRI imaging is because of the use of the body coil which is designed to detect large organs such as the abdomen and spine within the human body.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Dynamic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model Within a Liver Phantom for Multimodality Imaging

Ahmad

Suardi

Shukri

et al. 2020

European Journal of Radiology Open

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Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancer in the world, and the effectiveness of its treatment lies in its detection in its early stages. The aim of this study is to mimic HCC dynamically through a liver phantom and apply it in multimodality medical imaging techniques including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound. Methods and materials The phantom is fabricated with two main parts, liver parenchyma and HCC inserts. The liver parenchyma was fabricated by adding 2.5 wt% of agarose powder combined with 2.6 wt% of wax powder while the basic material for the HCC samples was made from polyurethane solution combined with 5 wt% glycerol. Three HCC samples were inserted into the parenchyma by using three cylinders implanted inside the liver parenchyma. An automatic injector is attached to the input side of the cylinders and a suction device connected to the output side of the cylinders. After the phantom was prepared, the contrast materials were injected into the phantom and imaged using MRI, CT, and ultrasound. Results Both HCC samples and liver parenchyma were clearly distinguished using the three imaging modalities: MRI, CT, and ultrasound. Doppler ultrasound was also applied through the HCC samples and the flow pattern was observed through the samples. Conclusion A multimodal dynamic liver phantom, with HCC tumor models have been fabricated. This phantom helps to improve and develop different methods for detecting HCC in its early stages.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The liver phantom can be made using several different tissuemimicking materials that are compatible with the imaging modalities [15]. Most of the liver phantoms were developed for applications in CT imaging [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], while far less phantoms were intended for MRI [24][25][26] and ultrasound [27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model Within a Liver Phantom for Multimodality Imaging

Ahmad

Suardi

Shukri

et al. 2020

European Journal of Radiology Open

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“…Different liver MRI phantoms are commercially available, that mimics blood vessels structures, tumor models, and real appearance [16]. However, none of them is a dynamic phantom.…”

Section: Liver Dynamic Phantom Component For Hepatocellular Carcinoma 31 Liver Phantommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The phantom fabricated to CT device should has the same mass density (ρ_m) resulting in the same CT numbers or Hounsfield units (HU), same linear attenuation coefficient (AC), same effective atomic number (Zeff), and the same electron density (ρ_e) of the human tissue [16]. CT numbers can be calculated by the Eq.…”

Section: Computed Tomographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Where μ tissue is the linear attenuation coefficient for the tissue, μ water is the linear attenuation coefficient of water, I x is x-ray intensity after interact with human tissue, I 0 is x-ray intensity before interact with human tissue, x is the human tissue thickness, w n is the number of atom Z n in the compound, Z n is the atomic number of the element, NA is the Avogadro's number, and A is the atomic mass of the element [16].…”

Section: Computed Tomographymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multimodal Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Dynamic Liver Phantom

Ahmad¹,

Makhamrah²,

Hjouj³

2022

Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach

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Liver phantom is used at various medical levels, such as detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the early stages, training medical staff to deal with HCC by taking biopsies, developing new sequences on medical imaging devices, confirming the image quality, applying treatments to HCC, and others. All of the trials should be applied before entering the real human body. The phantom includes properties very similar to those of the human body, as well as the properties of liver cancer and how it is treated within the body through its biological form. Therefore, the present chapter aims to provide comprehensive information to consider when fabricating HCC-containing phantoms and the characteristics of those phantoms in proportion to multimodal medical imaging to aid in understanding the main target of dynamic phantom for HCC.

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