Biodegradable polymers are a promising field of study in the quest for a sustainable circular bioeconomy. They offer a pragmatic alternative to conventional polymers. These polymers are specifically engineered to disintegrate more effectively in natural environments, thereby addressing urgent environmental concerns such as plastic pollution and resource depletion. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of biodegradable polymers, starting with their introduction and the environmental impacts they aim to mitigate. This review categorizes many types of bioplastics, including those obtained from sustainable sources such as plant-based materials and agricultural byproducts. An examination is carried out on the manufacturing techniques of these bioplastics, specifically emphasizing their ability to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and minimize carbon footprints. The study also assesses the biodegradability of these materials, recognizing both their advantages and the challenges they face, such as limited degradation rates and scalability issues. The research showcases the potential of biodegradable polymers in promoting sustainability through the analysis of closed-loop systems and resource efficiency. This strategy encourages the ongoing utilization of resources and reduces the generation of trash, thus enhancing the long-term well-being of the environment and the ability to withstand economic challenges.