Chemical coding of intrinsic and extrinsic nerves in the guinea pig gallbladder: Distributions of PACAP and orphanin FQ

Mawe, Gary M.; Ellis, Lisa M.

doi:10.1002/1097-0185(20010101)262:1<101::aid-ar1015>3.0.co;2-1

Cited by 24 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In the guinea pig, THN are restricted to the vascular plexus and the ganglionated plexuses. However, in dogs and humans, these nerves are also distributed throughout the muscular layer, where locally released catecholamines can act directly on β-adrenoreceptors to relax the musculature (Mawe et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…With regard to the human and canine gallbladders, Mann et al (1991) found out that the vessels, the organ musculature and the intramural ganglion cells receive a substantial sympathetic innervation in both species, whereas the mucosa appears to be supplied almost entirely by non-sympathetic fibres. The role of THN in porcine gallbladder's wall can be explained having in mind other studies about the innervation of gallbladder in guinea pigs, dogs, humans (Mawe et al, 2001) and cats (Chen et al, 1998). These data are consistent with several reports, indicating that stimulation of sympathetic nerves can result in gallbladder relaxation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tyrosine hydroxylase positive nerves and mast cells in the porcine gallbladder

Stefanov¹,

Vodenicharov²,

Tsandev³

et al. 2017

BJVM

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The aim of this study was to detect the localisation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive nerve fibres (THN) and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase positive mast cells (THMC) in the wall of porcine gallbladder. THN were observed as single fibres, nerve fibres forming perivascular plexuses and nerve fibres grouped within the nerve fascicles. In the gallbladder`s fundus, body and neck, the TH + fibres formed mucosal, muscular and serosal nonganglionated nerve plexuses. Toluidine blue (TB) staining was used to confirm that the TH positive cells were mast cells. The number of THMC in the propria of gallbladder`s fundus, body and neck was significantly higher than in the muscular and serosal layers in both genders. The number of mast cells in the musculature was higher than in the serosa. The density and location of the THMC were similar to the TB positive (with gamma metachromasia) mast cells in both males and females, and statistically significant difference was not established. In conclusion, original data concerning the existence and localisation of catecholaminergic nerves and THMC distribution in the porcine gallbladder's wall are presented. The results could contribute to the body of knowledge of functional communication between autonomic nerves and mast cells in the gallbladder.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tyrosine hydroxylase positive nerves and mast cells in the porcine gallbladder

Stefanov¹,

Vodenicharov²,

Tsandev³

et al. 2017

BJVM

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“…Further historical perspective is provided by Sutherland [ 3 ]. The anatomical and functional aspects of the innervation of the biliary tract are based on extensive studies in the guinea pigs [4][5][6][7][8] and the Australian brush-tailed possum [ 9,10 ]. A nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemical technique that relies on certain neurons possessing an enzyme that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent conversion of a soluble tetrazolium salt to an insoluble visible formazan [ 11,12 ] is used to identify neurons that utilize nitric oxide.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, cholinergic gall bladder neurons can be separated into two distinct populations. Neurons expressing SP, NPY and SOM are excitatory, whereas those expressing NOS, VIP and PACAP are inhibitory neurons [ 6,8 ]. The observation of interganglionic communication in the gall bladder [ 5 ] suggests the existence of synaptic interactions among gall bladder neurons, which may serve to coordinate output to the smooth muscle.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase Positive Ganglionated Plexuses in Porcine Gall Bladder

Stefanov¹,

Vodenicharov²

2013

Proceeding BAS

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The distribution and dimensions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) positive ganglia in the domestic pig's gall bladder and Ductus cysticus were studied for the first time. It was established that the number of ganglia was highest in the gall bladder's body, followed by those in the fundus and neck. The lowest number of ganglia was observed in Ductus cysticus. The largest ganglia were localized in the gall bladder's neck, followed by these in the body and fundus. The highest density of neurons per ganglion was detected in the neck, followed by body and fundus. Their number, however, was the lowest in the ganglia of Ductus cysticus. The largest neurons were established in the gall bladder's neck.It was concluded that the NADPH-d ganglia as neuronal structures produce nitric oxide, which as a transmitter with neuronal origin most probably is involved in the control of the epithelial secretion and in the function of smooth muscle in the walls of both gall bladder and blood vessels as well.

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“…PACAP exhibits protean biological effects on the gastrointestinal tract, including motility, secretion, and blood flow (6). PACAP and VIP are coexpressed in nerve fibers and neurons in the ganglia of the guinea pig gallbladder (7). Although both peptides act primarily as inhibitory transmitters on most gastrointestinal and vascular smooth muscle cells (5,6,12), their actions on the gallbladder are opposite; VIP relaxes the gallbladder, whereas PACAP induces the contraction both in vivo (9) and in vitro (15,23,24).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of key residues that cause differential gallbladder response to PACAP and VIP in the guinea pig

Wei

Fujiki²,

Ando³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) have opposite actions on the gallbladder; PACAP induces contraction, whereas VIP induces relaxation. Here, we have attempted to identify key residues responsible for their interactions with PACAP (PAC 1) and VIP (VPAC) receptors in the guinea pig gallbladder. We synthesized PACAP-27/VIP hybrid peptides and compared their actions on isolated guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle strips using isotonic transducers. ]VIP, induced relaxation. In the presence of a PAC1 receptor antagonist, PACAP(6 -38), the contractile response to PACAP-27 was inhibited and relaxation became evident. RT-PCR analysis revealed abundant expressions of PAC1 receptor, "hop" splice variant, and VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptor mRNAs in the guinea pig gallbladder. In conclusion, PACAP-27 induces contraction of the gallbladder via PAC1/hop receptors. Gly 4 and Ile 5 are the key NH2-terminal residues of PACAP-27 that distinguish PAC1/hop receptors from VPAC1/VPAC2 receptors. However, both the NH2-terminal and ␣-helical regions of PACAP-27 are required for initiating gallbladder contraction. PAC1 receptor; VPAC1 receptor; VPAC2 receptor; splice variant PITUITARY ADENYLATE cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a member of the secretin/glucagon/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) family of peptides (2, 8). It occurs in two bioactive molecules (PACAP-38 and PACAP-27) with identical NH 2 -terminal sequences. PACAP-27 has a 68% sequence homology to VIP, and all are expressed in the central as well as peripheral and enteric nervous systems (2, 22). They are released from nerve terminals as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and regulate the function of the brain and peripheral organs. PACAP exhibits protean biological effects on the gastrointestinal tract, including motility, secretion, and blood flow (6). PACAP and VIP are coexpressed in nerve fibers and neurons in the ganglia of the guinea pig gallbladder (7). Although both peptides act primarily as inhibitory transmitters on most gastrointestinal and vascular smooth muscle cells (5,6,12), their actions on the gallbladder are opposite; VIP relaxes the gallbladder, whereas PACAP induces the contraction both in vivo (9) and in vitro (15,23,24).Three receptor subtypes that recognize PACAP and VIP have been identified (4,22), and all belong to the group of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. The PACAP-specific (PAC 1 ) receptor has a much higher affinity for PACAP than VIP, whereas the classical VIP (VPAC 1 ) receptor and VPAC 2 receptor exhibit similar affinities for PACAP and VIP. VPAC 1 and VPAC 2 receptors lead to activation of the adenylate cyclase/cAMP pathway in which elevation of intracellular cAMP, together with nitric oxide, me-

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Chemical coding of intrinsic and extrinsic nerves in the guinea pig gallbladder: Distributions of PACAP and orphanin FQ

Cited by 24 publications

References 25 publications

Tyrosine hydroxylase positive nerves and mast cells in the porcine gallbladder

Tyrosine hydroxylase positive nerves and mast cells in the porcine gallbladder

Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase Positive Ganglionated Plexuses in Porcine Gall Bladder

Identification of key residues that cause differential gallbladder response to PACAP and VIP in the guinea pig

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